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served in the consecration of archbishop Parker to the see of Canterbury. We are informed by Le Brun, that the Armenians and the Nestorians of Chaldæa and India use the cope and not the chasible at the celebration of the eucharist. The assistant ministers have very anciently worn copes in the western churches on solemn occasions, especially in cathedrals, as we find the ancient Ordo Romanus, written, according to some, in the seventh century, directing them to use it when a bishop celebrates the eucharistTM. I have not learned that the cope is worn by the clergy of the patriarchates of Alexandria and Antioch, but the mandyas, used by certain clergy of Constantinople and Russia, seems very much to resemble it. Formerly the cope was used by the clergy in processions or litanies, and on solemn occasions in morning and evening prayers, and was generally worn by the bishop except in celebrating the eucharist, ordination, and some other occasions, when he used the vestment.

SECTION IV.

THE TUNICLE OR DALMATIC.

The tunicle, called tunica, dalmatica, tunicella, &c. in the west, was used in the earliest ages of the Christian church. Originally it had no sleeves, and was then often called colobium. The garment used by deacons in the Greek church, and all the east, and called sticharion, seems to be the ancient colobium. It is said that wide sleeves were added to the colobium about the fourth century in the west, which

q Le Brun, Ceremonies de la Messe, tome v. p. 80.

r Ordo Romanus apud Hit

torpii Officia, p. 7.

s See Goar, Rituale Græc. p. 113.

thenceforth was often called dalmatic; and when used by subdeacons, tunicle. But the shape of the garment was the same, by whomsoever it was worn. In the middle ages, several distinctions were made relative to the use of the tunic by bishops and others; but the Greek and eastern churches do not use the sleeved tunic, and with them no such distinctions are in existence. The tunic was made of the same sort of materials, &c. as the cope and vestment; and the English ritual directs it to be used by the assistant ministers in the holy communion. Figures V. and VI. represent deacons arrayed in tunicles. Fig. V, No. 1, is a tunicle, as used in England in the ninth and tenth centuries. Fig. VI, No. 1, represents the eastern sticharion or tunicle, with separate μavíkia or sleeves added, (see Goar, p. 111.) from an ancient picture published by Du Cange.

SECTION V.

THE ALBE.

The albe bore different names in the writings of ancient authors. Amalarius calls it camisia or alba, lib. ii. c. 18. Isidorus Hispalensis calls it poderis or camisia, lib. xix. Origin. c. 21. In the old Ordo Romanus of the seventh century it is called linea. Whether the albe and tunic were originally the same is not certain, but I think it not improbable. In the east it was early called poderis, from its reaching to the feet; and it is mentioned under that name by Eusebius and Gregory Nazianzen. The poderis was the same as the sticharion, which is

t See Bona, Rer. Liturgicar. lib. i. cap. 24. §. 18. Gavanti Thesaurus a Merati, tom. i. p.

124. Du Cange's Glossary, &c. Gerbertus, Liturgia Alemannica, tom. i. p. 243.

spoken of by Athanasius, Sozomen, and Gregory Nazianzen. The albe of the western church is spoken of by the fourth council of Carthage; by that of Narbonne, A. D. 589; and by various ancient writers referred to above ". It was made of white linen, and generally bound with a girdle of the same; but the sticharion of the Greeks is not girded. The albe is directed by the English ritual to be used by the bishop, presbyters, and deacons in celebrating the eucharist. The first, however, is allowed to use a surplice instead of it in his public ministrations. Fig. VII, No. 2, represents the albe.

SECTION VI.

THE SCARF OR STOLE.

The scarf is not mentioned in the rubric of the English ritual; but as it is often used in the church during the performance of divine service, I think it merits consideration in this place. The scarf is worn by bishops, with the rochette, and generally by dignitaries and prebendaries in cathedrals, and by chaplains. The origin of this custom is obscure, and I have not seen the subject noticed in any place. The scarf is not worn because the person is a doctor, by whom, in universities, a scarf is used; for many persons who are not doctors wear it. And therefore it seems to me more natural to refer this custom to the ancient practice of the church, according to which presbyters and bishops wear a scarf or stole in the administration of the sacraments, and on some other occasions. The stole or orarium has

u See Gavanti Thesaurus, tom. i. p. 143. Bona, Rer. Li

turgicar. lib. i. c. 24. §. 3. Du Cange, Glossary.

been used from the most primitive ages by the Christian clergy. It is spoken of by the first council of Braga, A. D. 563; by Isidore Hispalensis, A.D. 600; the council of Laodicea in Phrygia, A.D. 360; Severianus Gabalitanus, in the time of Chrysostom; and many others: and it has been continually used by all the churches of the west and east, and by the monophysites of Antioch and Alexandria. The stole, always called pápiov by the Greeks, was a long scarf, which was fastened on one shoulder of the deacon's albe, and hung down before and behind. The priest had it over both shoulders, and the two ends of it hung down in front. The eastern churches call the stole of the priests трaxλov. Thus simply were the dresses of deacons and priests distinguished from each other in primitive times. Fig. VI, No. 3, represents the stole as worn by deacons over the left shoulder; Fig. VII, No. 1, represents it as used by priests.

The origin of the pall, which has been generally worn by the western metropolitans, is disputed; but whoever considers the ancient figures of it which are found in manuscripts, and in the mosaic of the church of Ravenna, constructed about A.D. 540, (see Fig. I. No. 1. and Fig. II. No. 1.) will see that it was originally only a stole wound round the neck, with the ends hanging down behind and before. In the east the pall is called omophorion, (μopópsov,) and has been used, at least, since the time of Chrysostom, who was charged with accusing three dea

▾ Bona, Rer. Liturg. lib. i. c. 24. §. 6. Gavanti p. 147. Bingham's Antiquities, b. xiii.

c. 8. §. 2. Gerberti Liturg. Aleman. tom. i. p. 240.

cons of taking his omophorion". It is worn by all the eastern bishops, above the phenolion or vestment, during the eucharist; and, as used by them, resembles the ancient pall much more nearly than that worn by western metropolitans.

SECTION VII.

THE ROCHETTE AND CHIMERE.

The rochette is spoken of in the old Ordo Romanus, under the title of linea; and has, no doubt, been very anciently used by bishops in the western church. During the middle ages it was their ordinary garment in public. The word rochette is not however of any great antiquity, and perhaps cannot be traced further back than the thirteenth century*. The chief difference between this garment and the surplice formerly was, that its sleeves were narrower than those of the latter; for we do not perceive, in any of the ancient pictures of English bishops, those very wide and full lawn sleeves which are now used.

Dr. Hody says, that in the reign of Henry the Eighth our bishops wore a scarlet garment under the rochette; and that in the time of Edward the Sixth they wore a scarlet chimere, like the doctors' dress at Oxford, over the rochette; which, in the time of queen Elizabeth, was changed for the black satin chimere used at present. History of Convocations, p. 141.

The chimere seems to resemble the garment used

w See Photii Bibliotheca, p. 55. Paris, 1611.

x Gavanti Thesaurus, tom. i. p. 142.

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