or

a

instructing information concerning mind in a healthy state requires no
the habits and customs of the stimulus from without to exertion.
people, as well as about the country Its desire for knowledge and truth
and its resources. It will be found needs only guidance and control.
a very agreeable companion for a It may want the bit, but never the
leisure hour, and, as such, we can spur.
recommend it.

Mr. Pattison here writes more
like a theorist than a practised
teacher. He goes so far as to
maintain that “nothing is truly
known

which is learnt for a Essays on the Endoument of purpose. Science which is not Research. By various Writers. H. disinterested ceases to be science.” S. King & Co.-It might naturally in that case, we fear there is be expected that a volume of essays

not much science among us, by Oxford Fellows on University ever likely to be. The number matters would contain much that is of those who have at once the worthy of attention at the present

power and the will to scale the time, and the expectation is amply heights of science and dive into fulfilled in the present case.

But the depths of learning-to "scorn the writers travel over a wider delights and live laborious days” in range of topics than the title of the the pursuit of knowledge for its book implies, treating rather of own sake-must always be very university management in general small. It is not every one who is than simply the endowment of gifted with Jr. Pattison's apperesearch.

tite for reading and power of diMr. Pattison, who was the first gesting what he reads. The to preach years ago the doctrine Jesuits, who, he tells us, first inthat the universities should be not troduced the prize system, evinced merely teaching and examining a true knowledge of human nature institutions, but also seats of learn- as it is, if not as it ought to be. ing, commences the volume with Undoubtedly it would be better an interesting - Review of the if knowledge were sought simply Situation,” in which he sketches on its own account; but it is of the past history and present little use to indulge in Utopian position of the universities in re- dreams and aspirations as to what lation to the legislature and the might be done if men were what country.

they ought to be. We must take As to what future changes should them and deal with them as they be made, he is rather sparing of In this practical country and remark, partly, perhaps, because he material age education would be at has treated that subject at length a much lower ebb if it were not in a former work, and partly be. fostered by rewards and bounties cause he does not feel called upon in some shape or other; though to commit himself to specific de- Mr. Pattison says the absence of tails just now. He does, however, external stimulus to study is "the unhesitatingly condemn the system only true foundation on which a of holding out prizes in the shape university can be placed," and deof fellowships, scholarships, and ex- nounces idle fellowships" as "the hibitions as inducements to the prizes by which we attract numbers pursuit of learning and science. who have no vocation for either He holds that a youthful intelligent science or letters to pretend to study

science and classics till they are plead not only expediency, but the twenty-two." He does not openly original intention of founders of advocate their abolition ; nor will colleges and long usage. There they be converted to professor- can be no doubt that the chief ships or appropriated to the en. purpose for which colleges were dowment of research without strong founded, and endowments instiopposition and careful deliberation. tuted, was that the fellows and Mr. Cotton rightly observes :

scholars might be enabled to devote

their whole life to study; and for " Sinecure fellows and college tutors may be both alike historical fully fulfilled. Consequently, those

many years this purpose was faithabuses and economical blunders, who ask for the endowment of rebut they may yet have their place search are merely seeking to effect in a country which can afford to

à restoration, not a revolutionindulge its taste for anomalies.

restoration, too, which all acknowHigher education in England has

ledge to be desirable. It would been moulded according to the

seem, therefore, that the issue candemands of the academical curri.

not be doubtful. culum, and has been stimulated But in addition to the opposition into its present efficiency by the

which will certainly be made to the hopes engendered by university

abolition of the “ idle fellowships,” premiums. Much yet needs to be

there is the difficulty of devising done before its condition can be

any feasible scheme for endowing regarded with entire satisfaction.

research likely to meet with general It would be mischievous to with

acceptance, and work well.

Mr. draw the stimulus at a time when

Pattison, who has pondered the the minor endowed schools are still subject perhaps longer and more struggling in the pangs of a second

carefully than any one else, shrinks
birth, or before the claims of phy.
sical science have won adequate re-

from proposing any definite plan.
“What," he says, “precisely this

” , cognition.”

higher function which we now deAs to the desirableness of some mand of a university is, and how permanent provision for the encour- a university is to be organized agement of original research in for its performance, are matters on science and literature, there cannot which even the most advanced be two opinions, though it is not thinkers may well at present not very easy to see the essential dif

see their way." ference, so far as the worker is The other writers who touch upon concerned, between giving money the subject show similar caution. for intellectual work already done. The late Professor Covington, how.

, and paying beforehand for work to ever, in his evidence to the Combe done hereafter. Of course the mission of 1852, which is here rework of the discoverer in science printed in an appendix, entered and the original investigator in with some hesitation into more literature is of a higher character, explicit detail; and the appendix though of less marketable value, containing his remarks, together than that of the mere learner; still, with that consisting of an extract in both cases pecuniary resources

from Professor Max Müller's "Chips are necessary, and may surely be from a German Workshop,” forms sought and accepted without de- a more important contribution to stroying the value of the work done. the practical discussion of the

The advocates of endowments for proper subject of the volume than the encouragement of research may can be found elsewhere in it. He

us.

proposed that two-thirds of the

partially employed in tuition or fellowship revenues should continue required to give his whole time to to be employed as prizes for the study. Mr. Sorby, guided by his encouragement of education, the own fortunate experience, is strongly remaining third being devoted to of opinion that the endowment the foundation of pensions, tenable ought to be ample enough to preby resident students willing to de- clude the necessity of any other vote themselves to the prosecution occupation, and completely free the of some special branch of study in mind from all disturbing cares. literature or science, and found But that discovery can be combined competent, by examination, to do with professorial duties is abunso with advantage.

dantly proved by the case of Fara

day, not to mention living pro“It would be necessary, too, that fessors, both in this country and in they should be subjected periodically, Germany, who have contributed to at least during the earlier part of their the advance of science. It is plain literary career, to some kind of additional examination in order to ascer

that the problem to be solved is by tain the use which they might be

no means easy of solution. making of their opportunities, facili.

We have no room to touch upon ties being provided for the removal of the various other university matters such as should be judged unworthy of discussed in this volume, and must their position. Probably something in content ourselves with observing the shape of a yearly dissertation that it merits the attention of all would be the least objectionable duty

who are interested in the advance. to impose, nor would there be any

ment of learning and science among reason why such occasional publications should not assist rather than hinder the course of study."

It may be questioned whether many so highly gifted as to be On Fermentation. By P. Schütqualified, for making important zenberger. With twenty-eight illusadditions to existing knowledge in trations. H. S. King and Co.literature or science would be The value of scientific knowledge is willing to submit to such condi. now generally admitted.

Natural tions. The idea of subjecting them science forms an essential part of to examination seems impractic- the regular course of education in able; for they are supposed to be our universities and public schools; studying in advance of all others and special scholarships, exhibiin their special department. And tions, and prizes are offered as init appears absurdly unreasonable ducements to pursue this study. to call upon a man to make some As a necessary consequence, there scientific discovery, or produce is a demand for text-books adapted some new manuscript, inscription, to the present advanced state of reading, or interpretation, some knowledge, and giving information fresh edition of an ancient author, with regard to the latest discoveries. some fresh ligbt from the com- This demand is intended to be sup. parison of languages every year, on plied by “ The International Scienpain of losing his pension. Then, tific Series," of which this is the again, it is a question whether the twentieth volume. It is a great reencouragement of research should commendation of the series, that it be in the form of a permanent is not composed exclusively of the pension or a temporary grant, and works of English authors, or those whether the investigator should be of any single nation. The area of

now.

choice being thus extended, greater It breathes, transforms and modifies its excellence may be reasonably an- proximate principles in a continuous ticipated; when, as sometimes hap

manner, and certainly in the same way

as other cells; like these, it can be pens, foreign philosophers have

multiplied by buds and spores. The made a particular branch of science

only important and decidedly distinctheir special study, it is desirable to

tive character which seems to render it receive an account of their re- a form of life absolutely apart from searches and discoveries directly other forms in creation, was removed from them, and those who cannot from it by M. Lechartier and M. Belread their language should at least lamy, when these chemists succeeded in have as much assistance as can be establishing, that the cells of fruits, afforded them by means of trans

seeds, and leaves, and even animal

cells, are capable of changing sugar lations. This is what is offered in

into alcohol and carbon dioxide." the volume before us, which reads more like an original work than a It is only within a comparatively translation.

few years that this doctrine has M. Schützenberger's high official

been generally received, if it is even position as Director of the Chemical

Liebig attributed fermentaLaboratary at the Sorbonne, in Paris, tion to molecular motion communiis in itself an ample guarantee that cated by a decomposing body to he is not only thoroughly master of

other matter in contact with it, the difficult subjects he has under- "Yeast," he said, “and in general taken to expound, but well skilled

all animal and vegetable matters in in the art of communicating the a state of putrefaction, will commuknowledge he has acquired. The

nicate to other bodies the condition student will here find as explicit of decomposition in which they are and complete an account of fermen- themselves placed ; the motion tation, both direct and indirect, as which is given to their own elehe can desire.

ments by the disturbance of equiliM. Schützenberger follows Pas

brium, is also communicated to the teur and others in describing fer- elements of the bodies which come mentation as the vegetation of a into contact with them." As late species of fungus, to which, with

as 1870 he published a treatise in Rees, he gives the name of Sacchar

which he endeavoured to show that omyces cerevisia, and which he

Pasteur's experiments were not speaks of as not merely living, but conclusive. That the action of breathing.

yeast on blood closely resembles, if

it is not identical with, that of ani. " Yeast is a living organism belong- mal respiration, seems scarcely ing to the family of fungi, genus Saccharomyces, destitute of 'mycelium, disputable from what follows: capable of reproduction, like all the “The behaviour of the yeast with elementary fungi, by buds and spores; reference to blood may be explained in its composition, as we have just seen, the following manner : The cells of singularly resembles that of other

Saccharomyces diffused in the liquid vegetable tissues, and especially of the breathe at the expense of the oxygen plants of the same family. The ex- physically dissolved in the plasm or amination of its biological functions, serum in the midst of which swim the studied more particularly in their red globules of blood. In proportion chemical aspect, shows us clearly that as the plasmic liquid grows less rich in this elementary form of life does not

oxygen, a portion of this body, feebly differ in essentials from other elemen- combined with hæmaglobin, is separtary cells, unprovided with chlorophyll, ated, and enters into physical dissoluwhether isolated or in groups, and be- tion, by a dissociation comparable to longing to the more complex organs. that presented by potassium bicarbon