become guilty before God: wherefore, salvation can be no more of works, but of grace; and it is not the 'righteous' whom God justifies, but the ungodly.' Rom. iv. 5. When a sinner is justified, he is counted righteous in the sight of God; "for he that worketh not, but believeth in him that justifieth the ungodly,' his faith is counted for righteousness:" his sins are blotted out; he is exonerated from all the consequences of his past transgressions: “he has redemption in the blood of Jesus Christ," and stands fully acquitted;' " and their sins and iniquities (saith the Lord) will I remember no more." A REMARKABLE DREAM. Preliminary Observations. THERE are not many phenomena of frequent occurrence, that seem more inexplicable than Dreams. The impressions, of which our minds are susceptible during the season of repose, are certainly a branch of intellectual philosophy; but as the science of the human mind is still in a state of comparative infancy, the light by which we are guided in our researches, respecting the cause of dreams, is little more than that which the sanctions of authority enable plausible conjecture to impart. It was the opinion of Aristotle, that dreams were the reappearances of things, arising from the previous motions excited in the brain, and remaining after the objects were removed. Hobbes has adopted this hypothesis, making to it this addition, that various dreams are occasioned by different distempers to which the body is subject. Wolfius conceives, that dreams arise from sensations, which are continued by the succession of phantoms in the mind. Mr. Locke contends, that "the dreams of the sleeping man are made up of the waking man's ideas, though oddly put together." Dr. Hartley explains all the phenomena of the imagination by his theory of vibrations and associations. AcNo. 10.-VOL. I. cording to this philosopher, they all arise from three causes: namely, the impressions of ideas lately received; the state of the body, particularly of the stomach and brain; and association. Democritus and Lucretius strangely imagined, that dreams were occasioned by certain spectres and simulacra of corporeal things, constantly emitted from them, and which, floating up and down in the air, came and assaulted the soul in sleep. Mr. Baxter argues, that the phantasm or vision is not the work of the soul itself," and that it cannot be the effect of mechanical causes. He therefore ascribes the phenomena to the influence of separate spirits, having access to our minds, and furnishing us with ideas while we sleep. Bishop Newton adopts the hypothesis of Mr. Baxter, with some trifling variation. Speaking of dreams which seem to have been of a prognosticating nature, he asks as follows: Have not such dreams something of divine in them, and do they. not plainly declare a spiritual origin? and shall we ascribe some to spiritual and some to material causes? or shall we not rather be more consistent with ourselves, and suppose that good spirits may inspire some, and evil spirits may inspire others?" In his "Elements of the Philosophy of the Human Mind," Professor Dugald Stewart has discussed the subject of dreaming with his usual acuteness and perspicuity. According to the hypothesis of this justly celebrated philosopher, our dreams are frequently suggested by bodily sensations, with which particular ideas are strongly associated. They are also, he conceives, influenced by the peculiar temper of the mind, varying in their complexion, according as our habitual disposition at the time inclines us to cheerfulness or melancholy. Of many important facts immediately connected with dreaming, this learned Professor has taken particular notice; so that his various observations tend in the aggregate, to throw more light on this interesting but obscure phenomenon, than perhaps those of any of his predecessors. But whatever opinions we may form of the origin and nature of dreams, the evidence of their existence will admit of no dispute. Among those which have been recorded, many appear too striking in their coincidences wi 3 Q subsequent facts, not to arrest the attention of every thoughtful reader. And in cases where they precede events which could not have been anticipated, but which afterwards arise, and almost prove them to have been prophetic, we find ourselves at a loss how to account for them on any hypothesis, to our own rational satisfaction. The following is the substance of a remarkable Dream, related by the late Rev. R. Bowden of Darwen, who committed it to writing from the lips of the person to whom the dream happened on the evening of May 30, 1813. THE DREAM. A Gospel minister of evangelical principles, whose name, from the circumstances that occurred, it will be necessary to conceal, being much fatigued, at the conclusion of the afternoon service, retired to his apartment in order to take a little rest. He had not long reclined upon his couch, before he fell asleep and began to dream.He dreamed, that on walking into his garden, he entered a bower that had been erected in it, where he sat down to read and meditate. While thus employed, he thought that he heard some person enter the garden; and leaving his bower, he immediately hastened towards the spot whence the sound seemed to come, in order to discover who it was that had entered. He had not proceeded far, before he discerned a particular friend of his, a Gospel minister of considerable talents, who had rendered himself very popular by his zealous and unwearied exertions in the cause of Christ. 66 On approaching his friend, he was surprised to find that his countenance was covered with a gloom which it had not been accustomed to wear, and that it strongly indicated a violent agitation of mind, apparently arising from conscious remorse. After the usual salutations had passed, his friend asked the relater the time of the day? to which he replied, Twenty-five minutes after Four." On hearing this, the stranger said, "It is only one hour since I died, and now I am damned."—" Damned, for what?" inquired the dreaming minister." It is not," said he, because I have not preached the Gospel, neither is it because I have not been rendered useful; for I have now many seals to my 66 ministry, that can bear testimony to the truth as it is in Jesus, which they have received from my lips: but it is because I have been accumulating to myself the applause of men, more than the honour which cometh from above; and verily I have my reward." Having uttered these expressions, he hastily disappeared, and was seen no more. The minister awaking shortly afterwards, with the contents of this dream deeply engraven on his memory, proceeded, overwhelmed with serious reflections, towards his chapel, in order to conduct the evening service. On his way thither, he was accosted by a friend, who inquired whether he had heard the severe loss the Church had sustained in the death of that able minister *******. He replied, "No:" but being much affected at this singular intelligence, he inquired of him the day, and time of the day, when his departure took place. To this, his friend replied, "This afternoon, at Twenty-five minutes after Three o'clock!" TO THE EDITOR OF THE IMPERIAL MAGAZINE. SIR, THE prejudices of Education serve as an Apology for your able correspondent's adherence to the philosophical phantoms of the 17th century. One can only wonder that a gentleman so capable of comparing propositions, can so palpably surrender his judgment; but he learnt in his youth, that, " this is the ATTRACTION, which causes a planet to fall to the Sun; that this is the PROJECTILE FORCE which counteracts the ATTRACTION that draws a planet to the Sun; and that this is the VACUUM which confers perpetuity (eternity) on the force called PROJECTILE, which prevents the ATTRACTION from drawing the planets to the Sun" and this philosophical" House that Jack built," seems in truth to be so deeply riveted in his mind, that it would be a waste of words, to insist to him on the reasonableness of a theory of TRANSFERRED MOTION, which, acting with sublime simplicity on matter, in its various forms and under its various circumstances, is capable of producing every variety of material phenomena. As, however, the questions at issue between Mr. EXLEY and me, are but imperfectly before your readers, and I doubt whether he has himself taken the | trouble to investigate the principles to which he replies, I request you, as a tribute to truth, to give place to the enclosed brief view of the general principles of the Physical Philosophy which I am desirous of substituting for that of BEHMEN, DIGBY, HOOKE, NEWTON, and their numerous train of illustrious followers. I am, Sir, Your very humble servant, Bridge-street, Nov. 3. Brief Synopsis of the Philosophy of Material Phenomena, promulgated by Sir Richard Phillips, 1817-18. 1. THE universe consists of extension of matter under various expansive, gazeous, fluid, and fixed, forms of body, proceeding in relative density from the rarest and most extended fluid media, to the most condensed aggregates of fixed atoms. 2.-Body is susceptible of two varieties of motion; (1) a motion or impulse of an aggregate, which occasions it to change its place in regard to other aggregates; and (2) a motion of the atoms of an aggregate, created when any impulse from any cause cannot produce commensurate change of place in the aggregate and diffuse the motion, so that, by re-action, the impulse terminates within the body in the mutual actions of its component atoms: atoms, it is the object of Chemical Philosophy. 5. As no accident of matter can create motion, so all motion may be traced to some previously-existing motion, which has been transferred by me chanical combination; and, as existing motions are necessarily transferred and diffused, so no motion is lost; though, by its equal diffusion, it may cease to exhibit sensible phenomena. 6.-The facility of receiving motion being equal to the facility of diffusing it, and motion in bodies constituting their power, all action and re-action are necessarily equal; and motions being inversely as the number of atoms, all bodies act, therefore, on other bodies, at such distances as to produce equal momenta in the agent and patient: consequently, if free to move, or uninfluenced by paramount motions, their reciprocal actions and re-actions oblige them to revolve round a fulcrum or centre of the masses, necessarily producing equal momenta by forces of impulse, which, diverging through a sphere, are in divers bodies to each other inversely as the squares of their distances. 7. The motion of masses round a fulcrum or centre of the masses proves its mechanical origin, and that it is the effect of equilibrium of momenta, in which the masses, being constant quantities, the distances from the centre of motion must be inversely as those quan tities. 8. Hence it is that the earth and moon revolve mechanically round the 3.-Motion of both kinds continues centres of their masses, at such disto affect a body, until it has been im-tances, that their action and re-action parted or transferred to aggregates in contact, or has been diffused or radiated through the medium in which it is immersed; and this law of the equalization of motion, by the contact of moving aggregates and atoms with others susceptible of receiving and diffusing the motion, is the proximate cause of all varieties of material phe nomena. 4.-Motion appears, therefore, to constitute the life, power, and energy of matter; and is the active soul of the Universe. Matter is its patient, and the relative phenomena of bodies are the results. As it acts on aggregates by contact, or by impulse, on and through media, it constitutes the object of Physical Philosophy; and, as it affects compounds or structures of on and through the medium of space, or their momenta, are equal; and, as the earth revolves at the same time round its own axis, and the centres of both these rotations do not accord, so librations of the moveable fluids of the earth restore the balance, and occa sion what are called Tides of the sea and atmosphere, corresponding in direction and quantity with the varied positions of those two centres of terrestrial rotation, in relation of both to the sun or to the line of the earth's orbit. Thus, at the new and full moon, the distances are greatest from the orbit, and then the oscillations are greatest; and at the quarters they coincide with the orbit, and then the oscillations are weak continuations of former oscillations. cate impulses, are turned on their axes by slight combinations, and easily act upon and receive the re-action of their satellites. Like ships in motion, they impart their impulses to bodies in contact with them; and those bodies become, in consequence, the patients of all their motions, while every part, in 9. Hence also it is, that the centre | of the masses of the earth and moon are carried round the sun, by their reciprocal actions and re-actions on and through the medium of space, created by the probable and admitted motion of the sun round the centre of the masses of the solar system; the unequal diffusion and action of the move-its own re-actions, necessarily respects able fluids in the two hemispheres, causing the earth, at different periods of its orbit, to lengthen and shorten its virtual lever, and to describe an ellip- | tic orbit. 10.-The general motions of the earth, as an aggregate, are the sources of all the relative motions which take place upon it; and every motion on the earth is but an appropriation, re-action, or mechanical transfer, of part of the motions of the earth. If the earth were at rest, there could be no motion to transfer; consequently, there could be neither action nor re-action, nor any kind of animal power or loco-motion, nor any aggregate motion or projectile force. 11.-All the parts of the earth consolidate and fall towards the centre, because every part is the patient of the rotatory force, which gives them station proportioned to their rarity; and of the paramount orbicular force which impels all the densest masses towards the line of motion; and also because the centre of the earth is the centre of the combined forces or motions of all the united masses. 12.-An unattached body, as a stone let fall or projected, returns to the earth, because, at the time when it was unattached or projected, it was the patient of the earth's motions, and the force which raised it ceases to act when it was let fall, or is soon imparted to the air; and because the common force which revolves the earth and atmosphere cannot revolve a stone in the circle in which it revolves the air. In every stratum of the terrestrial mass, the density, multiplied by the velocity of rotation, is, or ought to be, equal; and, if unequal, then bodies rise or fall accordingly and hence in air a balloon rises, a bubble swims, and a stone falls. 13.—As it is with the earth, so it is with all the planetary bodies; they swim in the medium of space, surrounded by atmospheres, which fine off like the down on the seeds of thistles: they are, consequently, moved by very deli the common centre of the motions of the aggregate. Comets move in very eccentric orbits, because they do not move in the plane of the sun's motions or impulses, which is nearly that of the less eccentric planets. 14. When percussion or collision does not produce an equal quantity of aggregate motion in a proportionate change of place in the aggregate: or when the motion received cannot be transferred by diffusion, as when a piece of iron, laid on an anvil, receives the motion of a hammer, or when two pieces of wood are rubbed together, an intestine re-action of the atoms in the iron and wood takes place; accompanied by the perception of heat, and by a series of phenomena depending on the quantity of motion thus concentrated, and on the acceleration of the same by reiterated blows, rubbings, or transfers of motion. 15. This intestine motion produces various phenomena of the several component atoms of the affected body in regard to one another, and to the heterogeneous media in which they are situated: thus, one quantity creates a perception of heat, another sensibly imparts that perception to the atoms of the surrounding media, another converts the fixed mass into fluids, an acceleration converts the fluids into diverging gas, and a further acceleration, which exceeds the radiating powers of the surrounding media, decomposes those media, exhibiting flame and intense heat, in the solidification of the oxygenous part of the media, and, producing subtle radiations on the rare medium which fills space, thereby affecting the nerves of the eye, imbued with that medium, with the perceptions of light. 16. The parting with each degree of atomic motion produces a contrary series of phenomena: thus gas, on parting with its heat or atomic motion to other bodies, becomes fluid; and fluids, by parting with their heat or excited motion, become solids; and the diffusion of heat or atomic motion on such re-conversion is sensible, when | traction and Repulsion. The power the ogygenous part of atmospheric gas, solidified by respiration, gives out what is called animal heat; and when the same, solidified by combustion, or reduced in volume by compression, gives out heat, and excites the pulsations of light. 17.-Resistance is a phenomenon of parting with received motion. A body said to be resisted, is merely parting with its motion to the atoms which it encounters in the media within which it moves, and, as it continues to part with its motion to the radiating atoms, its gradually diminished energy of motion is, in vulgar language, said to be destroyed by resistance. 18.-Friction, like resistance, is a mere phenomenon of parting with motion, but to a fixed body instead of a fluid; and being a variation of percussion, or of transfer of motion without change of place, it produces similar phenomena of intestine atomic motion or heat, which, when continued or accelerated, produces all the other phenomena of accelerated atomic motion or heat. 19.—Crystallization is a mere effect of parting with atomic motion, in certain connections with, or relations to, the atoms of the surrounding media. 20.-The phenomena of electricity, galvanism, &c. consist in separations or mechanical decompositions of the component gazeous atoms of plates of electrics, connected and condensed on their opposed surfaces by surfaces of non-electrics; the re-union of which separated strata through a single point of conduit produces intense phenomena of atomic motion. Thus, glass is coated by tin-foil, air by metal conductors, the atmosphere by clouds and earth, and acids in galvanism by metallic plates; and the electric or galvanic power is within the intervening electrics, or on their surfaces. 21.-Loose light bodies placed on the surface of an electrified stratum of coated air, present nearer surfaces to the oppositely affected surface; and bodies being light, are patients of the force exerted within the stratum to restore the disturbed equilibrium of its furface, and therefore, by the energy exerted on their surfaces, they are alternately wafted between the affected surfaces of the stratum, creating phenomena which, in the language of the mystical philosophy, are called At of all affected strata is inversely as the least distance at which the equilibrium of the surfaces will not be restored; and the galvanic series is merely a mechanical means of accumulating or accelerating an original excitement. 22.—Chemical affinity affords proof that atoms are compounded in different forms, which coalesce and dove-tail together with more or less facility. 23.-Definite sizes in the vegetable and animal kingdoms result from the fixed ratios of the law of increase and decrease, or of accretion and dispersion; which fixed ratios generate a degree of increase, whose limits are determined by the simultaneously acting law of decrease. 24.—All the changes visible on the surface of the earth are consequences of volcanoes, terrene or submarine; or of the slow mechanical action of air and water; and the great changes caused by water arise from the successive transfers of the ocean into either hemisphere, by the revolution of the perihelion point of the earth's orbit through the ecliptic in every 20,900 years; the existing strata of organic remains seeming to prove that at least three such revolutions have taken place since the planet of the earth existed in its present form. 25.-In fine, motions of matter subject to regular mechanical laws, acting absolutely or subordinately, generally or locally, on aggregates or atoms, and producing various densities and different degrees of loco-motion and affinity in atoms of matter of different constituent forms, are the proximate causes of all phenomena; and, as one series of phenomena depends on another, so all existing phenomena are, in regard to others, physically fit, compatible, and harmonious; and, as matter cannot originate its own motion, so, in considering motion as the proximate cause of all phenomena, we arrive, through the ascending series, at the necessary and sublime FIRST CAUSE of all motion and all phenomena. ANECDOTE. WHEN the English Court interfered in favour of the Protestant subjects of Louis XIV. and requested his Majesty to release some who had been sent to the galleys; the King asked angrily |
