nected must either be both principal or both subordinate, and, ·. either case, they must be of the same name, that is, both subject. both predicates, both adjective elements, &c. So, again, the adjective or adverbial elements thus connected must be of the same species; both must express quality or possession, &c.

155. Connectives are divided into two genera classes-coördinate and subordinate; so nameo from the elements which they unite.

156. Coördinate conjunctions are used to con. nect similar elements, (149;) subordinate connectives are used to connect dissimilar elements.

NOTE. Subordinate connectives will be treated of in their proper place.

157. Coördinate conjunctions are divided into three classes:

(a.) Copulative, or those which add the parts to each other; as, and, also, as well as;

(b.) Adversative, or those which show that the parts are opposed or contrasted in meaning; as, but, still, yet, nevertheless.

(c.) Alternative, or those which offer or deny a choice between two things; as, or, nor, else.

158. Coördinate conjunctions may be used to connect,

(a.) Two or more similar principal elements ; — subjects; as, "Mercury and Venus first appear; predicates; as, "This ancient city was captured and burned."

(b.) Two or more similar subordinate elements; --adjective elements; as, "A wise and virtuous prince scended the throne;"-objective elements; as 'Hercules killed a lion and a boar; "-adverbial

lements; as, "He lal ored faithfully and successfully."

159. The parts of a compound element have a common relation to the rest of the sentence.

NOTE. Coördinate conjunctions, used to connect subordinate elements, must always unite those of the same degree of sub ordination (145, b.); as, " He sent Samuel, his first and only son." "Son" is subordinate to "Samuel," and "first" and "only" are alike subordinate to "son; that is, they are of the same degree of subordination.

160. The following is the rule for parsing coördinate conjunctions:

RULE XI. Coördinate conjunctions are used to connect similar elements.

MODELS FOR ANALYZING AND PARSING.

Socrates and Plato were distinguished philosophers. It is a sentence having a compound subject.* Socrates and Plato form the compound subject, because they are united by "and," and have a common (159) predicate, "were phi losophers."

The subject.

... is not limited.

The predicate is limited by "distinguished," an ad

And

jective element of the first class, used to describe "philosophers."

is a coördinate conjunction, (copula. tive,) and connects the two simple subjects; according to Rule XI.

A sentence having but one of its elements compound, is no properly a simple sentence, (27,) nor is it strictly a compound (29) sentence. It may, not improperly, be called a partial compound, since one of its parts is compound. All such sentences may se converted into complete compounds, as will be shown hereafter

NOTE. Two subjects united by a coordinate conjunction, de not form a compound subject, unless the predicate may belong to each when taken separately; as, “¡ocrates was a distinguished philosopher," and "Plato was a distinguished philosopher." But not so with the following propositions: -"Two and two are four;""Vice and misery are ins parable." We cannot say, "Two are four and two are foar;" "Vice is inseparable and misery is inseparable."

The same distinction should be observed in any element. "The boat sails between Brooklyn and New York:” not “hetween Brooklyn and between New York."

The soldier was weak, but courageous.

It is a sentence having a simple subject and compound predicate.

Soldier... is the subject.

Was weak and was courageous form the compound predi cate, because they belong in common to the

But

The subject.. is limited by "the," an adjective element of the first class, used to aste "soldier." is a coördinate conjunction, (adversative,) and connects the two predicates by con trasting the latter with the forver, accid ing to Rule XI.

You may buy books or slates.

It is a sentence having a compound objective element. .... is the subject.

You

May buy... is the predicate.

You...

May buy.

is not limited.

is limited by "books or states," a compound objective element, of the first class showing what may be bought.

Or....

is a coördinate conjunction, (alternative,) showing that a choice is offered between "books' and "slates," which are connected by it; according to Rule XI.

161. Since a compound elemer.t may have a verb or pronoun agreeing with it, the following rule should be observed:

RULE XII. When a verb or pronoun relates to two or more nouns connected by a coördinate conjunction,

1st. If it agrees with them taken conjointly, it must be in the plural number;

2d. But, if it agrees with them taken separately, it must be of the same number as that which stands next to it.

3d. If it agrees with one, and not the other, it must be of the same number as that with which it agrees.

EXAMPLES.

1. Charles and his sister were absent.

Charles or his sister was absent.

Neither Charles nor his sister was absent.

2.

Charles or his sisters were absent.

Either his sisters or Charles himself was absent.

Not Charles, but his siste, was absent.

Charies, and not his sister, was absent.
Charles, as well as his sister, was absent
Not Charles, but his sisters, were absent.
Charles, and not his sisters, was absent.

(a.) When the connected parts are preceded by each, every, and no, the verb or pronoun should be in the singular number.

162. When the parts connected by a coördinate cor.junction are of different persons a verb should agree with the first person, rather than the second or third, and with the second rather than the third; as, "John and I are coming;" "Thou or John art guilty."

163. A compound predicate generally contains similar attributes, each being a verb, a participle, an adjective, or a noun.

(a.) The parts generally, though not always, agree in mode and tense.

164. When two or more nouns in the possessive case are connected, 1st, if the object possessed belongs to the two conjointly, the sign of possession should be applied to the last only; as, Little and Brown's store; but, 2d, if different objects, having the same name, are possessed, the sign of possession ('s) should belong to them separately as. "Greenlea 's and Emerso metic."

EXERCISE 28.

Analyze the following sentences, parsing the conjunctions and the verbs:

The sun and moon stood still. Abraham, Isaac, and Iacob, were Jewish patriarchs. Exercise ferments the humore, throws off redundancies, and assists nature. The plain and simple style recommends and heightens the sublime. Education expands and elevates the mind. Religion refines and pur fies the affections. Many very worthv