confidence to le premier Général du siècle. The consequence was that he lost all credit with the Bourbon government, although he did nothing to render himself an object of resentment, or incur the penalty of being sent out of the kingdom.

Barbier, the bibliographer, deserves notice among literary men for his valuable catalogue of the library of the Conseil d'Etat; a library which still exists in the Louvre, and is, we understand, likely to receive extension under his care. His Dictionnaire des Ouvrages Anonymes et Pseudonymes (see M. R. Vol.lxiii. p. 462. Appx.) is likewise a publication of much utility; and we learn with pleasure that he is still in the vigour of life, and likely to be of essential service to the cause of literature.

Beaujour, whose work on the United States we lately took occasion to notice (M. R. Vol. lxxix.), and who has long been known by his Tableau du Commerce de la Grèce, has resumed his favourite studies, and will probably give the public a performance respecting the part of Asia-Minor which adjoins the Mediterranean.

British Biography. In this department of the present dictionary, we had reason to expect much less accuracy than in the portions which related to France and Germany; the leading facts in the former being directly known to the writers, and the latter being a country in which it is the fashion to record even minutia with punctilious accuracy. Under the head of Canning, that minister is confounded with his relation, the Envoy to the Swiss Cantons; and, under that of Lord Cochrane, we find the extraordinary mistake of giving two lives of the same individual, the naval actions of his Lordship being ascribed to one person and his political transactions to another. Yet, in the midst of these misapprehensions, the substance of the narratives is clear, and in general accurate; more so, at least, than it commonly is in works of this description.

German Biography.-Here we find a list of the names and publications of many literary men who are little known in England; among others, the works of Arndt, the intrepid asserter of the liberty of his country against the tyranny Bonaparte.- Adelung, a nephew of the well known philologist, (see M.R. Vol. lxvi. p. 478.) is established at Petersburgh, and is said to continue that course of study in which his uncle was so distinguished.-Cotta, the well known bookseller of Tubingen, has figured also as a politician, having been a member of the Wurtemberg parliament, and an adherent in their stormy debates to the side of the popular party. He was deputed in 1814 to the Congress of Vienna, with M. Bertuch, by the body of German booksellers, to urge a point

a point of the greatest importance to the owners of German copy-rights; viz. "That there should be but one law for the whole empire, and that it should be penal to import clandestine impressions from one principality to another." This question was at that time adjourned, amid the hurry of more important discussions: but it is now brought before the Diet of Frankfort, and, if carried in the affirmative, will have, together with the perpetuity of copy-right already established in Germany, the effect of rendering the remuneration of literary men more liberal in that country than in any. other part of Europe.

Among German commanders, we find the old General Beaulieu still alive, though born so far back as 1725, and exhibiting in his career a striking example of the long blanks which so frequently occur in the promotion of military men. He served in the Austrian army in the war of 1756, and attained the rank of Lieutenant-colonel, but did not fill a conspicuous situation until the French Revolution, when he had considerably passed his 60th year. Even then, he was distinguished by a spirit and decision more suited to the ardour of youth, and gave the French several severe checks in Flanders in 1793 and 1794. Appointed afterward to the chief command in Italy, he was the first of the long list of Austrian officers whose reputation faded under the talents of Bonaparte; and he has since lived retired, though not unrewarded by the court of Vienna.

'The Marquis de Chasteler, General in the Austrian army, was born in Austrian Hainault about the year 1750, entered the service at an early age, and made choice of the engineer-department. He distinguished himself in the war against the Turks, and received for his services at the siege of Belgrade, in 1789 the cross of MariaTheresa. He was in the campaign of 1793 in Flanders, gave eminent proofs of his valour in several skirmishes, and was wounded seven times at the siege of Valenciennes. In 1798 he was sent to Petersburgh to negotiate the arrangements for the second coalition against France; and to request that Suwarrow might be placed at the head of the allied armies. He was chief of the staff in Italy in the campaign of 1799, and was actively engaged in the passage of the Adige but, in directing the siege of Alexandria, he received a severe wound. In 1805, Prince Charles made choice of him as chief of the staff in the army which he commanded in Italy, against Masséna. On the renewal of the war between Austria and France in 1809, he was appointed under Field-Marshal Jellachich to organize the rising of the Tyrolese; he proceeded vigorously in this enterprize; and, falling suddenly on a corps detached from the rest, he succeeded in cutting them to pieces, and made himself master of the Tyrol before the French could collect forces to oppose him. He was, however, soon afterward pursued by

Marshal

Marshal Lefebvre, who had just entered the country with a very superior army, and who obliged him to make a precipitate retreat. He was afterward honoured with distinguished marks of the approbation of his sovereign, and in the campaign of 1813 he led the attack on Marshal St. Cyr at Dresden. He also shewed great conduct in the campaign of Italy against the Neapolitans commanded by Murat. To conclude, the Marquis de Chasteler is one of the bravest Generals in the Austrian army, and has received fifteen wounds in the field of battle.'

of

Bellegarde, one of the most distinguished officers of the age, is a Savoyard by birth. Having been quickly promoted, he arrived, at the age of thirty-six, at the rank of General; was appointed military adviser to the Archduke Charles on the retirement of Clairfait; and the admirable arrangements of the campaign of 1796, and the defeat of the army Jourdan, were probably due to the counsels of Bellegarde. In 1799, he acquired equal honour, but it was at the head of a separate and inferior force. Had he held the place of the imbecile Mack in 1805, Bonaparte would never have been enabled to get into the rear of the Austrians, or to put an end to so formidable a coalition by a campaign of two months. Having served several years in the council of war in Vienna, and borne a part in the memorable conflicts of Aspern and Wagram, Bellegarde was sent, in the end of 1813, to command the Austrian forces in Italy, and was in that country when Murat made his rash advance from Naples in March 1815. This attempt he soon succeeded in overthrowing; and, after having retained the command in Lombardy until all was quiet, he has withdrawn for a season (still in the vigour of life) from active duty, and devotes his time to private intercourse and study.

Spanish Generals and Ministers. Of the Spanish commanders of the present day, few are intitled to particular notice; and, among those of whom sketches are given in these volumes, one of the first places is evidently due to Count Abisval, better known to the readers of news-papers under the name of General O'Donnel. He was born in Spain of an Irish family in 1770, and formed himself to his profession in the war of 1793, which was chiefly prosecuted in the Pyrenees. On the recommencement of hostilities in 1808, he commanded in Catalonia, and, in point of judgment and combination, afforded a striking contrast to Blake, Cuesta, and others of his brother-officers. Having attracted the notice of Lord Wellington, he was promoted in 1813, and enabled to bear a distinguished part in the operations of that campaign.-Lord W. was instrumental also in confirming in the public

confidence

confidence another native of Spain, who is better known as a diplomatist than as a tactician, but who, in the summer of 1808, was greatly instrumental in accomplishing the surrender of Dupont's division in Andalusia; - we allude to Cevallos.

'Don Pedro Cevallos was born at St. Andero in 1764, of an antient and noble family; he has from his youth followed a diplomatic career, and was for several years secretary to an embassy. In 1784, he entered the Secretary of State's Office, where he distinguished himself equally by his probity and talents. Godoy, then Duke of Alcudia, and foreign minister to Charles IV., anxious to attach Cevallos to himself, gave him one of his cousins in marriage, and, on becoming prime-minister, appointed him First Secretary of State. In this situation, he sometimes ventured to oppose Godoy, but the latter did not then imagine that he had any reason to fear him; accordingly, he did not remove Cevallos from his place, but carefully concealed from his knowlege the intrigues with Bonaparte. In the beginning of 1808, when Savary came to Madrid to support the false assertions of Murat, Cevallos was one of the first of the council who advised that Ferdinand should not quit his capital: but, seeing his sovereign resolved on following the perfidious counsels of Murat and Savary, he prepared to accompany him. On their arrival at Vittoria, Cevallos declared that he endeavoured to persuade the King not to quit that town: but the intreaties of Savary were again successful. He at first accepted office under Joseph Bonaparte, but soon forsook him, and published at Madrid “A Statement of the Means employed by the Emperor Napoleon to usurp the Crown of Spain." This memorial was speedily translated into almost every language of Europe; and Bonaparte was so much irritated at it, that, by a decree issued expressly on this occasion, (dated 12th Nov. 1808,) he declared Cevallos an enemy and a traitor to France and Spain. In 1814, when Ferdinand recovered his throne, Cevallos re-assumed his place as First Secretary of State, and was the author of the greater part of those decrees of which the object was to open new roads, to dig canals, and to establish a more regular plan of public education. Notwithstanding his great public services, and the confidence reposed in him by the King, he was included in the general dismission of the ministry in January 1816: but he was recalled in February following, and was again intrusted with the direction of Foreign Affairs.'

None of the restored governments has hitherto so much disappointed public expectation as that of Ferdinand VII.: but, if we may credit some appearances, a faint hope may be entertained that he will adopt the liberal course of policy pursued by Louis XVIII. during the last twelve months. This expectation is partly founded on the recall of one of the most promising members of the late Cortez, who was sentenced three years ago to a most singular and unmerited exile.

Arguelles was born at Ribadesella in Asturia, in 1775, and brought himself into notice at the University of Oviedo by his promising abilities and lively imagination. Being the youngest of his family, he went, when he had completed his education, to Madrid, in quest of a civil appointment; he was soon intrusted with a mission to Lisbon; and, on his return, he was sent to London, apparently with a view to regulate some financial matters, but in reality to transact a most important political negotiation.. He returned to Spain, and was in Cadiz when the last revolution broke out, and when (in 1809) the authorities were obliged to take shelter in that city. He was soon chosen a deputy to the provisional assembly of government, became a member of the committee charged with framing a constitution, drew up the report made on this important occasion, and gave repeated proofs of his talents as an author and an orator. Yet, on the 10th of May 1814, at four o'clock in the morning, the ministers of Ferdinand caused him to be arrested at Madrid, and carried in chains to the state-prison. Judges were appointed to conduct his trial: but he shewed so much ability in his defence, that his accusers knew not how to proceed, and recommenced not fewer than five different times; till at last the King, to put an end to so uncommon a proceeding, ordered the papers to be laid before him, and wrote on them, "Ten years of the galleys at Ceuta."

Modern Greeks.-The schemes of Bonaparte, however different in point of motive, have had the effect of promoting those discoveries which have excited so much disinterested attention on the part of our travelling countrymen; and the list of living literati presents occasionally the name of a Greek whose primary object is to rouse the faculties of his countrymen, and prepare them for throwing off the Ottoman yoke.

Coray, called in Greek Coraïs, is an able physician and a learned Hellenist. His family came from the Isle of Chios, and he was born at Smyrna in 1748. Besides the study of the antient languages, he early cultivated those of modern days; and, while very young, he translated a catechism from the German into modern Greek. To complete his literary education, and render his acquirements in some degree useful to his country, he quitted Greece and passed into France in 1782, pursuing his studies for several years at the University of Montpellier; where he added a knowlege of medicine and natural history to the ac quirements which he had already made in philology. He there took his doctor's degree, and came in 1788 to fix himself in Paris. We owe to this learned and laborious translator and editor, "Les Caractères de Théophraste, d'après un manuscrit du Vatican, contenant des additions qui n'ont point encore paru en France: nouvelle traduction, avec le texte Grec, 1799, 8vo.; Traité d'Hippocrate des airs, des eaux, et des lieux; traduction nouvelle, avec le texte Grec, et des notes, 1800, 2 vols. 8vo.;· and Traité

des