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sc. caprum quaerens. Atque often introduces a statement. not only additional, but unexpected. Ades = veni.-10. Si-potes: if thou canst stop a while. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 232 (3). — 11. Ipsi. See on IV. 21. Potum. Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Juvenci; not belonging to Daphnis, as some would have it, nor necessarily to Meliboeus, as others; but rather introduced as a bit of landscape painting.-12. Virides. Keightley would read viridis (Mincius). Praetexit skirts, fringes. Cf. A. VI. 5.-13. The Mincius rises in the Alps, and near Mantua forms the Lake Benacus, thence flows on to the Po, in a sluggish stream and with sedgy banks. See on I. 49. Sacra; i. e. to Jupiter.-14. Facerem. Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. Alcippen... Phyllida; probably the contubernales respectively of Corydon and Thyrsis. Meliboeus means that he had no one at home, as they had, to attend to his affairs. The ego expressed favors this view. See on I. 31. — 15. Depulsos a lacte. See on III. 82. Quae clauderet to shut up. Gr. 500. A. & S. 264. 1 (a) and (b). — 16. Corydon cum Thyrside is connected by a sort of loose apposition with certamen. Magnum seems to be a predicate. 19. Meminisse; sc. eos. As the poets were taught by the Muses, they might justly say that they remembered their lyrics. — 21. Nymphae; since they, like the Muses, were patronesses of song. Amor; abstract for concrete. Gr. 363. I. A. & S. 204, R. 3. Libethrides = Libethrian; i. e. belonging to Libethrus, a fountain with a cave in Mount Helicon. Gr. 624. 3. 1). A. & S. 300. Ex. 2 (d). — 22. Codro; either some shepherd, or a wholly fictitious character, as in V. II. Proxima; sc. carmina from the preceding carmen. — 23. Facit. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (1). Si non possumus; i. e. to rival Codrus. 24. Pendebit. Those who left any art used to hang up the implements by which it was practised as a sacred offering here to Pan, to whom the pine was sacred.-25. Hedera. See on Hor. C. I. 1. 29. Nascentem... poetam : the rising poet; i. e. Thyrsis himself, as the superior of Codrus. The modesty of Corydon is well contrasted with the arrogance of Thyrsis.-26. Invidia-Codro= that Codrus may burst with envy. Gr. 398. 5. A. & S. 211, R. 5 (1). —27. Ultra placitum beyond what is pleasing; i. e. to the gods. Extravagant praise was considered likely to provoke the jealousy of the gods. Some refer the words to Codrus instead of to the gods. Bacchare. This plant was considered an antidote for the evil eye, or the evil tongue.-29. Corydon speaks in the character of Micon, a young hunter, who is dedicating an offering to Diana in the form of an inscription. Delia, a name for Diana, from the island Delos. See on Ov. M. VI. 187 and 190. Parvus young.-30. Mićon; sc. dicat. Vivacis. Among the ancients the stag was proverbially long-lived. — 31. Proprium

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lasting, permanent. Cf. A. VI. 871. Hoc this (success in hunting). Tota = entire; i. e. not a mere head or bust. -32. Suras. Gr. 380. A. & S. 234. II. The description is that of a huntress. Cf. A. I. 337. 33. Thyrsis responds with an inscription for a statue of Priapus, the god of procreation, and hence of gardens and vineyards. He was the reputed son of Bacchus and Venus. Sinum must not be confounded with sinus. Liba; cakes used as offerings. Cf. Ov. Trist. IV. 10. 12 and note. -35. Pro tempore = =according to our circumstances. -36. Fetura = fruitfulness. Statues of Priapus were usually made in a coarse way out of wood, but Thyrsis promises the god a golden one, if he gives increase to the flocks. Esto. Gr. 534. II. A. & S. 267 (2). —37. Nerine. Gr. 316. 4 A. & S. 100. I. (6) R. 3. Galatea; a sea-nymph, daughter of Nereus and Doris. Hyblae. See on I. 55. - 39. Quum - tauri; i. e. in the evening.-40. Venito. See on esto, v. 36.—41. Sardoniis.. herbis. The plant is the celery-leaved crowfoot. It grows abundantly in Sardinia, (whence its name,) and is celebrated for its bitterness and its contractile effect on the muscles of the face, so that those who chew it seem to laugh; hence our phrase, sardonic laugh, as applied to involuntary or forced laughter. Videar. Gr. 488. I. and 2. A. & S. 260, R. 6. — 42. Rusco; a low, prickly shrub, indigenous in England, and called butcher's-broom. Cf. G. II. 413. Projecta thrown (on the shore); and which no one cares to take up. — 43. Lux=dies.-44. Si quis pudor if you have any shame; as much as to say, you ought to be ashamed of yourselves to keep me so long from my love. -45. Somno mollior. Cf. G. II. 470. —46. Rara; because the branches of the arbutus are not thick and the leaves are small. Arbutus; the nominative for the vocative. 49-52. As an offset to Corydon's picture of a shady retreat from the midday heat of summer, his rival sings the comforts of the shepherd's home in the winter. -50. Nigri. The ancients had no chimneys, and the smoke escaped through a hole in the roof or by the doors. — 51. Tantum so much only, as little.-52. Numerum; sc. ovium. The wolf when attacking the sheep cares not how many there are, since he fears them not. -53-56. An autumn scene. Stant stand bristling. The word is not simply = sunt. See on Hor. C. I. 9. 1. Juniperi — castaneae. Gr. 669. I. 2. A. & S. 305 (2). Hirsutae; of the prickly husk of the chestnut. Gr. 672. 3. A. & S. 310. I. 1.54. Sua― arbore = its own under each tree. Some read quaeque, in which case sua is an ablative, and scanned as a monosyllable. 56. Abeat, videas. Gr. 509. A. & S. 261 and 2. Et even. -57-60. The same subject, but the opposite side of the picture. 57. Vitio... aëris = by a diseased state of the air; i. e. by excessive heat and drought. -58. Liber; Bacchus. See on

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Ov. M. III. 636. Cf. the epithet Lyaeus, explained on Ov. M. XI. 67. Invidit has grudged, denied. -60. Juppiter aether. The image is that of G. II. 325, the marriage of Jupiter and Juno, Aether and Earth. Cf. also ruit arduus aether, G. I. 324, and coeli ruina, A. I. 129, which is essentially the same picture. Cf. G. I. 418; II. 419; Ov. M. II. 377; Hor. C. I. 1. 25, etc. Laeto joy-giving; from the effect. Plurimus very abundant. Cf. G. I. 187; A. VI. 659, etc. Gr. 160. A. & S. 122, R. 4. Imbri. Gr. 87. III. 3 (3). A. & S. 82, Ex. 5 (a). 61. Alcidae; Hercules, the grandson of Alcaeus. Gr. 316. A. & S. 100. I and (a). Iaccho, a name of Bacchus, from iáxo to shout. See also on G. I. 166. - 69. Haec memini. Meliboeus here resumes the narrative, and declares Corydon victor. 70. Corydon - nobis Corydon, Corydon is (the man) for me. The proper name is repeated for emphasis.

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ECLOGUE IX. MOERIS.

THE historical occasion of this Eclogue has been already adverted to in the Life of Virgil. After obtaining a promise of protection, the poet is said to have returned to his property, when his entrance was resisted and his life menaced by an intruding soldier, whose name is variously given as Arrius, Claudius, or Milienus Toro. He sought safety in flight, and made a second appeal to the higher authorities, which was crowned with more permanent success. Ruaeus conjectures that this Eclogue was in fact a poetical petition presented to Varus or Octavianus. Certainly it is skilfully contrived to interest the reader in the poet's favor. Moeris, one of the servants, is going to the town (Mantua), to carry part of the farm produce to the usurping proprietor, when he is stopped by a neighbor, Lycidas, relates his and his master's troubles, and receives a warm expression of sympathy at the loss which had so nearly fallen on the whole district by the death of Menalcas (Virgil), some of the poet's verses being quoted to show how great that loss would have been, while it is hinted that his successful return will produce further poems.

we have lived

1. Pedes; sc. ducunt. — 2. Vivi pervenimus to see, have reached the point alive; vivi expressing both that they might have expected to die before such an outrage, and also that death would have been a boon. Advena; used contemptuously, as in A. IV. 591. Nostri... agelli of our (i. e. of my) land; slaves then, as now, speaking of their master's property as their own. The involved order of the words seems to indicate the perturbation of Moeris. 3. Ut relates to an omitted eo, implied in vivi pervenimus.

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4. Coloni inhabitants, owners. = overpowered; i. e. by the veterans. Tristes; because victi. — 6. Quod — bene= and may bad luck go with them; lit. and may which not turn out well, Gr. 445, 7. A. & S. 206 (13). Mittimus. Moeris seemingly speaks for his master, who sends him with the present. 7. Certe audieram= = I for my part had heard for certain (for a fact). Certe adds confirmation to the whole sentence, and is to be joined to the verb, while equidem gives assurance to the subject, and is to be joined to the pronoun. Qua fagos; with omnia, expressing the extent of the property. Qua = (from the point) where. Se subducere ... molli- clivo: to decline (more lit. to withdraw themselves), and to lower the summit by a gentle slope; jugum demittere being nearly

se subducere.· 9. Aquam; probably of the Mincius. Jam indicates that fracta is to be referred to their age. Cacumina. The apposition between a thing and a prominent part of itself is not uncommon. Cf. juvenes, fortissima pectora, A. II. 348. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204.10. Carminibus. By means of his poetry, Menalcas (Virgil) obtained friends, through whom he had recovered his land. Vestrum; the plural, as Moeris had used it, for the whole household. See on nostri, v. 2. So nostra, v. 12.-13. Chaonias. Dodona, a city of Epirus, famed for its oracle, the most ancient in Greece, was anciently inhabited by the Chaonians. The oracle was at first interpreted by men, and afterwards by aged women, called méλaiai, i. e. doves, the command to found the oracle having been brought, it was said, by doves. Hence Chaonian doves. Tennyson speaks of the oak-grove of Dodona as "that Thessalian growth In which the swarthy ring-dove sat, And mystic sentence spoke." — 14. Quod nisi and if not. Gr. 453. 6. A. & S. 206 (14). Quacumque (sc. via, ratione) ; i. e. on any terms, as best I could. — 15. Sinistra on the left. Monuisset viveret. Gr. 510.

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A. & S. 261. 1.-17. Cadit in does fall to, attach to; i. e. is any one capable of so great wickedness?-18. Paene; alluding to the narrow escape of Menalcas (Virgil). Solatia; i. e. his poems, which were a joy and solace to all that heard them. Menalca. He apostrophizes the absent poet.-19, 20. Quis - umbra. The allusion is probably to V. 20, 40, on which latter see note. Induceret = would overspread. Umbra. Gr. 419. 2. A. & S. 249. I. — 21. Vel - carmina (sc. quis caneret ea) = or (who would sing those) verses which I in silence caught up from you without your noticing it (sub); i. e. overheard you sing them. Tibi is evidently Menalcas, though many of the critics refer it to Moeris. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2.-22. Nostras; i. e. the delight of all of us; implying that she was a general favorite. — 23. Dum redeo while I am on my way back not "till I come back," as some would have it. The

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use of the present shows that it is the continuance of the time, not its completion, that is thought of. We should have expected dum absum; but the speaker, in asking to be waited for, naturally talks of himself, not as absent, but as coming back.-24. Potum = = to drink. Gr. 569. A. & S. 276. II. Inter agendum=while driving (them). Gr. 565. A. & S. 275. III. R. 3. — 25. Capro. Gr. 386. A. & S. 224 Verses 23-25 are borrowed from Theocritus, after whom several passages in this Eclogue are modelled. - 26. Immo nay, rather sc. quis caneret. Quae canebat which, and that not finished, he was composing in honor of Varus; probably Alfenus Varus, who was appointed by Octavianus, B. C. 40, to preside over Cisalpine Gaul. He appears to have been favorably disposed to Virgil, who may flatter him here to induce him to deal leniently with Mantua.-27. Superet. Gr. 503. 1. A. & S. 263. 2 (1).— 28 Nimium vicina; though they were forty miles apart, because Mantua suffered for its proximity to its disaffected neighbor. See Life.-29. Cycni. The Mincius abounded in swans. Cf. G. II. 199. On the swan as a singing bird, see on Hor. C. IV. 2. 25. — 30. Sic - incipe as you hope that your bees may avoid the Corsican yews, as you hope that your cows, etc., begin: more lit. so may your bees, etc., (as you) begin. See on Hor. C. I. 3. 1. Lycidas, anxious to hear more of the verses of Menalcas, conjures Moeris, by what is most to be desired by a farmer, to go on with what he can recollect of them. Cyrneas; from. Cyrnos, the Greek name of the island of Corsica. Taxos. The yew-tree was prejudicial to bees, and the honey made from it was said to be bitter. — 31. Cytiso. Gr. 414 and 4. A. & S. 247. 3. - 32. Si quid habes. See on III. 52. Poetam, vatem. Poeta is a technical expression, and denotes a poet only as an artist; vates is an old Latin and religious expression, and denotes a poet as a sacred person. Död. This distinction, however, is not always observed. Here vatem may be rendered "an inspired bard." Lycidas ciaims to be a poeta, but disclaims the honors of the 33. Pierides. See on Ov. M. V. Introd. 34. Nonillis I do not believe them. Gr. 391. A. & S. 222. 3.-35. Vario... Cinna; distinguished Roman poets, contemporaries of Virgil. Gr. 419. IV. A. & S. 244. — 36. Argutos olores = to cackle like a goose among the tuneful swans. Gr. 362. A. & S. 210. Anser, according to Servius, is a punning reference to a contemporary poet of that name, and probably, like Bavius and Maevius, personally obnoxious to Virgil.

vates.

37. Id quidem ago: that very thing I am trying to do; referring to the incipe, si quid habes, of v. 32. Ipse. Gr. 452. 1. A. & S. 207, R. 28 (a). -38. Si valeam in the hope that I may be able, lit. if I may be able. - Neque =non enim. -39. Huc ades. See

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