tion, not descent, as Andes was not on a hill. Cf. deducere, demittere naves (in portum), etc. Fetus. A. & S. 323. 2 (4).-24. Componere to compare. - 26. Lenta viburna = pliant shrubs. The viburnum is a low, flexible shrub. It was used for binding fagots. Tityrus means to say, in effect, that he found the difference between Rome and Mantua to be one, not of degree merely, but of kind. = 27. Et sometimes introduces a question with emphasis, marking the curiosity and wonder of the speaker. Romam. Gr. 559. A. & S. 275. I. Tibi. Gr. 387. A. & S. 226.-28. Libertas. A. & S. 204, R. 11. Sera; sc. quidem. The omission of quamquam or quidem before tamen is not uncommon. Respexit. Libertas is here personified; hence the appropriateness of the word respexit. Inertem (sc. me) = indolent, neglectful; i. e. to save his little gains with which to purchase his freedom. It was for this that slaves saved their peculium (see on v. 33); and of course the less inertes they were, the sooner they got the necessary sum. Tityrus, a farm-slave, having saved enough, goes up to buy his freedom from his owner, and the owner of the estate, who is living at Rome. Nothing can be less happy than this allegory in itself except the way in which it is introduced in the midst of the reality- the general expulsion of the shepherds, and the exemption of Tityrus through the divine interposition of Octavianus - which ought to appear through the allegory and not by the side of it.-29. Candidior growing gray. In v. 47 Tityrus is called senex. Tondenti; sc. mihi. Gr. 571; 578. A. & S. 274. 2 and 3 (a). Manumitted persons were accustomed to shave their beards, which, while slaves, they had permitted to grow. -30. Longo tempore; i. e. a long time compared with the much shorter time in which slaves were accustomed to obtain their freedom. - 31. Postquam reliquit = since Amaryllis is holding possession of me (i. e. of my affections), (and) Galatea left me; i. e. since I got rid of the extravagant Galatea and took to the thrifty Amaryllis. These were doubtless successive partners (contubernales) of the slave Tityrus. Note the difference of the tenses joined with postquam in vv. 29, 31: cadebat, a continuing act now completed; habet, an act still continuing; reliquit, an act completed at once. - 33. Peculi. Gr. 45. 5. 1). A. & S. 52; 322. 5. The peculium was the property acquired by a slave, which his master permitted him to consider as his own. — 34. Multa... victima many a victim; used poetically for multae victimae. Z. 109, N. Saeptis = enclosures, folds. - 35. The position of pinguis before et indicates that it is specially emphatic. Ingratae; because it did not pay him for his trouble so much as he thought it ought. 36. Tityrus blames the unthrift of Galatea and his own recklessness, which made him too careless about making = money by his produce, though he took it from time to time to Mantua. To suppose that he squandered his earnings directly on Galatea would not be quite consistent with the blame thrown on the town, v. 35. 37. Quid. Gr. 380. 2. A. & S. 235, R. 11. Amarylli. Gr. 94. A. & S. 81, R. 38. Sua in arbore (each) on its own tree. Cf. VII. 54. G. II. 82 and A. VI. 206. Amaryllis in her sorrow had forgotten her careful habits. She left the fruit hanging for Tityrus as if no hand but his ought to gather it. — 39, 40. Aberat. The final syllable is made long by caesura. Gr. 669. V. A. & S. 309. 2 (1). Ipsae: the very. Pinus... fontes... arbusta. These called him back, because, depending on his care, they suffered from his absence. Virgil doubtless meant the passage as a piece of rustic banter. 41. Facerem. Gr. 486. II. A. & S. 260, R. 5. 41. Praesentes = powerful to aid. See on Ov. M. III. 658, and cf. M. IV. 612. Alibi belongs also to v. 41. Cognoscere to find: lit. to become acquainted with. —43. Juvenem; Octavianus. He was now in his twenty-third year. See on Hor. C. I. 2. 41. Cf. G. I. 500. 44. Bis senos... dies; i. e. twelve days in the year, probably once a month. Nostra. Gr. 446. 2. A. & S. 209, R. 7 (6). —45. Responsum ... dedit; i. e. as a god to those who consult his oracle. Primus denotes the anxiety with which the response was sought; it does not imply that any one else could have given it. The sense may be expressed thus: it was here that he gave me my first assurance. — 46. Pueri servi. Submittite = produce, rear. -47. Tua is a predicate, like magna, and emphatic, suggesting a contrast between his lot and that of his neighbors. Quamvis - junco although naked stones (lit. stone) cover it all, and pools overspread with slimy rushes the pasture grounds. Palus is probably the overflowing of the Mincius. Cf. VII. 13. Omnia must mean the whole farm, while the latter part of the description applies only to the fascua. - 50. Non-fetas (sc. pecudes): ==no unusual food shall injure (lit. attack, i. e. with disease) thy pregnant ewes. Graves = gravidas, in A. I. 274. 51. Mala = malignant. — 52. Flumina may be the Mincio and the Po, or the smaller streams in the neighborhood. 53. Fontes are called sacros, because each had its divinity. Cf. Hor. C. I. I. 22 and note. 54. Hinc susurro. Construe thus: Hinc, ab vicino limite, saepes Hyblaeis apibus florem salicti depasta, saepe tibi levi susurro suadebit, quae semper, somnum inire. Vicino ab limite is explanatory of hinc, and with hine = on this side, namely, on the side of the neighboring boundary. Cf. III. 12, hic — fagos; A. II. 18, huc... caeco lateri. Quae semper is an elliptical relative clause in the sense of ut semper, like quae proxima, litora, A. I. 157, and as it has ever done. Quae then will be used here for the corresponding adverb quemadmodum, like quo, A. I. 8, for quomodo, and siquem, A. I. 181, for sicubi. Hyblaeis; merely an ornamental epithet derived from Iybla, a mountain in Sicily famous for its bees and honey. Florem depasta = fed upon as to the flower of the willow. Gr. 380 and 1. A. & S. 234. II. and R. 1 and 2. Salicti; abbreviated from saliceti, used poetically for salicis. Gr. 317 and 2. A. & S. 100. 7. The susurrus comes partly from the bees, partly from the leaves. 57. Hinc is opposed to hinc in v. 54, and is more nearly defined by alta sub rupe. Canet ad auras = shall fill the air with his song: lit. shall sing to the breezes. Cf. A. VI. 561, plangor ad auras. The description points to the month of August, from the mention not only of the frondatio, but of the cooing of the wood-pigeons during incubation. Pliny makes the latter a sign that autumn is coming on.-58. Tua cura thy delight. - 59. Gemere to coo. Turtur. The Romans kept turtle-doves on their farms. 60. Ante sooner. It, with the ante in v. 62, which is only a repetition of it, is the correlative of quam in v. 64. Ergo expresses the ground of his obligations to his master; namely, the favor conferred upon him. Destituent nudos shall leave bare; i. e. fishes shall live on dry ground. - 62. Pererratis = superatis. The meaning is, sooner shall the Parthians and the Germans change places, each passing to the country of the other; but this they can never do, since the territory of the Romans intervenes, whom they must first conquer. Amborum of both (nations). Exsul bibet as an exile shall drink; i. e. shall make his home there. 63. Ararim. The Arar (now Saone) is a river of Gaul, not of Germany; its source, however, in the high land connected with the Vosges (Vogesus) is not very far from Alsace, which was then, as now, inhabited by Germans. The ancients, moreover, sometimes confounded the Germans and the Celts. Gr. 85. III. 1. A. & S. 79. I. Parthus. The Parthians were a very warlike people of Scythian origin, and occupied a large district southeast of the CasIpian Sea. But see on Hor. C. I. 2. 22. Germania; by metonymy for Germani. See on Musam, v. 2. - 64. Illius. See on v. 43. Labatur shall pass away, be effaced. 65. Nos. Gr. 446. A. & S.. 209, R. 1 (b). Nos... alii... pars. Gr. 363. A. & S. 204, R. 10. Afros; by metonymy for Africa. Gr. 379. 4. A. & S. 237, R. 5 (a). -66. Et...et correspond to the preceding alii... pars, and are equivalent to alii... alii. Cretae; a large island (now Candia) in the Mediterranean Sea, south of Greece. Oaxen. Of the Oaxes of Crete nothing is known. 68-70. En... aristas indeed, shall I ever, a long time afterwards, beholding (again) my paternal fields and the roof of my poor cottage built of turf, my (former) domain, (shall I ever) hereafter see with wonder a few scattering ears of corn? The cause of wonder is the scantiness of the crop compared with the abundance - = = = of former years. En in interrogations adds earnestness and emphasis. Tuguri. Gr. 45. 5. 1). A. & S. 52; 322. 5. Post (=posthac) is a repetition of longo post tempore. Mea regna we prefer to consider in apposition to fines and culmen.—71. Novalia; properly either fallow grounds, or grounds ploughed for the first time, but here= fields. 72. Barbarus, alluding to the Gauls and other barbarians in the Roman armies. Quo ... produxit to what a point . . . has brought.—73. Quis = quibus. Gr. 187. 1. A. & S. 136, R. 2 -74. Insere nunc graft now. Said ironically to himself. - 76. Viridi= green (with moss). — 77. Pendere . . . de rupe; i. c. as they would appear on the hillside in the distance. -78. Me pascente; i. e. me pastore. —79. Cytisus is the arborescent lucerne, which is common in Greece and Italy, and a favorite food of cattle and bees. -80. Poteras you might as well, you had best. Gr. 475. A. & S. 259, R. 3 and (b); Z. 518. It seems more pressing than the present. As Meliboeus now begins to resume his journey (ite capellae, v. 75), Tityrus calls to him and urges him to stop and spend the night with him. -81. Nobis. Gr. 446. 2; 387. A. & S. 210, R. 3 (1); 226. 82. Molles mealy; i. e. when they are cheese. Cf. v. 35. —83. Culmina fu roasted. Pressi lactis = = mant; i. e. announcing supper-time. were carried THIS Eclogue is principally occupied by a contest in poetical skill between two shepherds, Menalcas and Damon. Such contests, still not uncommon among the improvisatori of Italy, on in verses, called carmen amoebaeum (rendered by Virgil alternis, or alternis versibus, v. 59, VII. 18), answering alternately. And in them no sequence of ideas was necessary on the part of the challenger, but the party challenged was bound to exceed in language or ideas the thoughts first expressed. 1-31. M. Whom are you keeping sheep for? D. Aegon. M. Poor sheep! their owner is hopelessly in love, and his hireling steals the milk. D. As if you had any right to taunt me! M. Of course not; I cut Micon's vines. D. Broke Daphnis's bow and arrows, you mean. M. Well, I saw you steal Damon's goat. D. It was mine; I won it at a singing match. M. You! when you can't sing. D. I'll sing against you now for a calf. 1. Damoeta. Gr. 43. A. & S. 44. Cujum. Gr. 188. 4. A. & S. 137. 5. The question implies that Damnoetas is a mere hireling. An implies some such previous question as, num est alius. Gr. 346. 2.4 A. & S. 198. 11, R. (d). — 2. Tradidit Alienus... custos = hireling keeper; i. e. Damoetas. 1=3 - 5. Bis-in hora. Twice a day would have been often enough. The phrase is of course exaggerated; but secret milking was a common offence, -6. Sucus. punished by Justinian with whipping and loss of wages. strength, vigor.-Pecori. Gr. 385. 4. A. & S. 224, R. 2.-7. Ista these reproaches of thine. - Viris is emphatic; men, worthy of the name. - Tamen involves a tacit admission that the charges are true; yet, says Damoetas, they come with ah ill grace from one no better than you. — 8. Qui te; sc. corruperit, or some such word. Transversa = askance. The neuter plural of the adjective used adverbially. Gr. 443. A. & S. 205, R. 10. - 9. Quo ... sacello = in what cave; i. e. a cave sacred to the nymphs. Faciles easy, goodnatured; because they did not punish him for the profanation of their abode. 10. Tum; sc. risere. Credo. Ironical. Menalcas affects to charge himself with what Damoetas did. — Arbustum, properly a vineyard in which the vines were trained on trees, is here the trees malicious. The laws of the Twelve Tables themselves. - 11. Mala: imposed a heavy fine for cutting another man's trees. -Novellas is emphatic, as the young vines ought not to have been pruned at all. Cf. G. II. 365.-12. Hic; sc. risere. Damoetas recriminates. — Ad veteres fagos is a more exact definition of hic. See on I. 54, 57. arrows. Gr. 705. III. A. & S. 324. 3. Quae; -13. Calamos = A. & S. 205, R. 2 (2) N. —14. in some way. — 16. Quid i. e. arcum et calamos. Gr. 439. 3. Puero; Daphnis.-15. Aliqua fures what would masters do when thievish servants are so dar"What ing? Fures is comic for servi. The subj. faciant suggests, would they do if they were to come on the scene?" the case being a Talia, then, supposed one, the substitution of Aegon for Damoetas. catch. Lycisca; the refers to what precedes. - 18. Excipere name of a dog. -19. Quo―ille = what now is yonder rogue darting at? More lit., whither now does that fellow rush forth? Gr. 450. A. & S. 207, R. 23 (a). Damoetas was just rushing out of his ambuscade. 20. Tityre; Damon's shepherd. Coge. The flock was the rushes; properly a straying in supposed security. Carecta place covered with rushes. Gr. 317 and 2. A. & S. 100. 7. - 21. An. Gr. 346. 2. 4). A. & S. 198. 11, R. (d). An implies some such previous question as, Did I not have a right to the goat? Non - ille =was not that one to deliver, to hand over? Gr. 485. A. & S. 260, Gr. 445, 8. A. & S. 206 (3) (b). R. 5.-22. Quem... caprum. Carminibus = by its strains; referring to the interludes played between the parts of the song. -23. Si nescis = ut hoc scias, if you did but know it.-24. Reddere - negabat; since it would be a con = |