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them, or having their books or defending their opinions, should be punished. In October of 1657, it was ordered that every male Quaker who should return into the jurisdiction after being sent away, should lose one ear for the first offence, the other ear for the second offence; and every woman Quaker" so offending should be whipped. For the third offence, every Quaker, "he or she," should have the tongue pierced with a hot iron and kept at hard labor till removed from the colony. Nevertheless the heresy spread, and in October, 1658, upon the recommendation of the commissioners for the United Colonies, banishment on pain of death was enacted.

In August, 1661, King Charles II. was formally proclaimed in Massachusetts. The New England colonies immediately followed this lead. Just before the king was restored, two of the judges who had sentenced Charles I., Goffe and Whalley, came out to America. For a time they lived openly in the neighborhood of Boston, and were well received. by many of the chief men. But in November, 1660, when they had been out about three months, tidings came from England that all the king's judges were to be pardoned except seven, of whom Goffe and Whalley were two. Thereupon they fled to New Haven. In March, orders came to seize them, but their friends hid them. They escaped their pursuers, lived in hiding, and died peaceably in New England.

In 1664, four commissioners were sent out by the king to set matters in order in New England, and their first act was to grant help against New Netherlands, as the Dutch were then at war with England. The coming of the commissioners united New Haven and Connecticut. After the departure of the commissioners New England enjoyed a period of serenity and great prosperity, broken by a war with the Indians, especially with one Philip, a noted and valorous chief, which cost the settlers six hundred men and as many horses. So hard pressed were the English by the Indians that in 1678 they were glad to make peace. They agreed to pay the Indians a bushel of corn for every English household, on condition that they might inhabit their former settlements in peace. This was the first treaty ever made with the Indians on terms disadvantageous to the English.

New Hampshire and Maine now became separate

colonies, and in 1679 the English government at last found leisure to turn its attention to Massachusetts. In October, 1683, the charter was declared null and void. Before the new government could be settled, Charles II. died. During the first year of James's reign no material change was made. In 1686 Sir Edmund Andros was sent out with a commission as governor of Massachusetts, Plymouth, New Hampshire, and Maine. At the same time he had instructions from the king to join Connecticut to Massachusetts. In October, 1687, Andros marched into Connecticut, and demanded the charter. It was hidden away. In 1688, to complete the king's scheme of making one state of all the northern colonies, Andros was made governor of New York. Thus he was ruler of all the English settlements north of Delaware Bay, and was responsible to none but the king.

Whether the New England colonists would have long endured the misgovernment of Andros may be doubted. At all events, when the news of the Revolution of 1688 reached them, they were quite ready for an outbreak. Seldom has a revolution been so easy and so bloodless. The people rose with one accord, seized Andros, and turned out his officials. The other New England colonies did likewise. All the old colonial governments were restored, but only to hold their power till the English government made some definite arrangement. This was not done for four years, and during that time the old constitutions were in force. In 1691 the case of Massachusetts came before the English government. The agents for the colony soon saw that it was hopeless to think of recovering their old charter, and only applied themselves to getting as favorable an one as they could in its place. The English government proposed to unite Plymouth to Massachusetts. The Plymouth agent at first resisted this, but he soon found that there was no chance of Plymouth being allowed to remain under a separate government, and that, if not joined to Massachusetts, it would be to New York. As his countrymen would have liked this still less, he yielded. In 1692 the new charter was sent out. The one great change which it made was, that the crown appointed the governor, while before the people had elected him.

In his appointment of a governor the king showed his wish to conciliate the people. He sent out Sir

William Phipps, a native of Massachusetts, of low birth, who when a lad fed sheep, and afterwards became a ship's carpenter. In that trade he heard of a Spanish ship which had sunk with treasure on board. Having raised the vessel, he brought a great sum of money to England, and was knighted by the king. James II. made him sheriff of New England, but, unlike most of James's officers there, he did. his best to serve his country, and won the esteem of the New Englanders. He was a man of no great ability, but honest, benevolent, and popular.

The New England colonies which fared best at the Revolution were Connecticut and Rhode Island. Their charters were restored, so that they retained their old constitutions, and alone of all the colonies chose their own governors. In 1690 and the two following years New England was engaged in a war with the French settlers in Canada and their Indian allies. But this was only part of a struggle between the French and English settlers which lasted, with one break, for more than twenty years, and it will therefore be better to tell of it further on.

In 1692 the court of Massachusetts passed an act declaring that no tax should be levied in the colony without the consent of the court. To this law the English government refused its assent. If it had passed, it would have saved many quarrels between the colonists and their governors, in which the latter were always worsted, and it might have even prevented the separation of the colonies eighty-four years later. Connecticut soon found itself in opposition to the English government through Colonel

Fletcher, the governor of New York, who had a commission from the crown giving him the command of the Connecticut militia. Fletcher entered the country to enforce his commission, but the drums were beaten so that the reading of the commission could not be heard. New Hampshire followed suit, and the spirit of that independence burst into blossom which was to bear such goodly fruit in the after time.

The New Englanders, like most people in those days, believed in witchcraft, and more than one person in the colony had been accused of it and put to death. The most noted case was that of an old woman, a Mrs. Hibbins, whose brother and husband had held high offices in Massachusetts, and who was hanged as a witch in 1656. In 1692 a panic seized the colony. Some children persuaded themselves that they were bewitched. The matter was taken up by one Cotton Mather, a minister. His father, Increase Mather, also a minister, was one of the ablest and boldest of those who had opposed Charles II. and James II. in their dealings with Massachusetts. The son, Cotton, was a vain pushing man, with some learning, but no wisdom. Encouraged by him and another influential minister, Parris, the children accused upwards of seventy people, many of them of high station and unblemished character. The whole colony was carried away by the panic, and twenty people were put to death on utterly trumpery evidence. This madness, however, for such it seemed to be, passed away as suddenly as it came.

HE brief reign of James II. of England and VII. of Scotland contains the history of that catastrophe which Charles II. had predicted and prepared, but which he had had the tact and good fortune to postpone till after his own death. James was alike destitute of the good humor which made Charles popular, and of the skill to turn aside opposition. He professed indeed to his council his resolution to maintain the established government in church and state, and he retained his brother's ministers; but he went openly to mass, and ordered by a proclamation the payment of taxes as before. At the same time he secretly formed a council of Catholics, and opened a negotiation with Pope Innocent XI.

He was crowned, with his queen, on April 23, 1685, the communion being omitted; and parliament assembled May 19. They proved devoted to the court; granted the king tonnage and poundage, with other duties, for his life, and discharged Danby and the Catholic lords accused by Oates. The punishment inflicted on that miscreant excited almost as much abhorrence as his crime itself. Being convicted of perjury, he was sentenced to be degraded, heavily fined, whipped at the cart's tail from Aldgate to Newgate on one day, and survived 1,700 lashes. After the Revolution he received a pension

of £500 ($2,500) a year.

The accession of James was a signal for insurrection, but the first attempts had a disastrous issue. Monmouth, whom the Prince of Orange prudently dismissed from his court, retired to Brussels, and joined Argyle in a rash plan of invasion. Early in May, Argyle landed in Cantyre and raised about 2,500 of his own clan, but his force was dispersed

by the militia, he himself was captured in the disguise of a peasant and beheaded at Edinburgh, June 30, 1685.

On June 11, Monmouth landed at Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, with scarcely one hundred followers. He was soon at the head of 2,000 men. Advancing to Taunton, he assumed the title of "King James II." having already issued a declaration stigmatizing "James, duke of York," as a "traitor, a tyrant, an assassin, and a popish usurper." He attacked the royal army at Sedgemoor, July 6, but was crushed. He was found concealed in a ditch in the disguise of a peasant. He met his fate calmly, the last scene being painfully protracted by the irresolution of the executioner. His followers were devoted to destruction. Many suffered military execution from "Kirke's Lambs," as the soldiery of the ferocious Colonel Kirke were ironically termed; while others were reserved for the more systematic cruelty of Jeffreys, who was sent down on a special commission long remembered in the west as the "Bloody Circuit."

Courtiers, and even the ladies of the court, nay, the queen herself, made large gains by a traffic in pardons, and by the sale of prisoners for field labor in the West Indies. The maids of honor received more than £2,000 as the price of a pardon to the young girls of Taunton, who had presented Monmouth with an embroidered banner and a Bible. While these scenes were passing in England, Louis XIV. revoked the Edict of Nantes, by which Henry IV., in 1598, had established liberty of worship in France, Oct. 12, 1683. Above half a million of Protestants, many of them the most industrious subjects of the crown, left France: nearly 50,000 settled in England, destined to plant the silk manu

facture, with other arts, there, and meanwhile exciting new fears of papal persecution.

Catholic worship was celebrated in public; schools were opened by the Jesuits; several monastic orders settled in London; and Catholics were appointed as heads of houses in both universities. The king even went so far as to send an ambassador to Rome, and to give a public reception to a papal nuncio.

James attempted to recommend these measures by the false pretence of universal toleration. He published declarations for liberty of conscience, first in Scotland and then in England; and in a progress through the country he paid court to the Dissenters, few of whom, however, were deceived.

A crisis was brought on by the publication of a second Declaration of Indulgence, April 25, 1688, with a command that it should be read in all churches on the two Sundays, May 20 and 27. Upon this the primate, Sancroft, united with six other bishops in a private petition to the king, praying him not to insist on their reading the Indulgence from the pulpit, which their consciences forbade them to do. James resolved to deal with the petition as a seditious libel. The seven bishops were brought before the Council, and committed to the Tower; the people lining the banks of the river, and entreating their blessing as they passed along. The scene was repeated when they were called into court to plead, and again when they were brought to trial, June 29. A conclusive defence was made by their counsel, and especially by Somers; and after several hours of deliberation, or rather of a contest of endurance between the court and country parties on the jury, the verdict of "Not Guilty" was pronounced, June 30. Westminster Hall rang with bursts of cheering, which were re-echoed through the country, and even in the camp at Hounslow, where James was present. "So much the worse for them," he exclaimed, on learning the cause of the uproar.

In the very midst of these proceedings the queen gave birth to a son, who was baptized by the names of James Francis Edward, June 10, 1688. This event hastened on a scheme already in progress for the liberation of the country. William, prince of Orange, the son-in-law of James, had sent over an emissary, Dykvelt, to sound the feelings of the English Protestants. His mission had been successful, and now another envoy, Zuylestein, who was sent to

congratulate James on the birth of an heir, brought back to William an invitation from several nobles and other leading statesmen, to appear in arms as their defender. The prince's preparations were made known to James by Louis XIV.; but he slighted the information, till he received a letter from his minister at the Hague, warning him of an immediate invasion. The king was thunderstruck; the letter dropped from his hands, and he began to retrace his steps with a precipitation which only proved his fear, and brought him into contempt. The Prince of Orange was now on his way to England. He published a declaration of his intention in coming: to protect the rights and liberties of the people, to procure a free parliament, and to examine the suspicions that were current respecting the birth of the Prince of Wales. Great hopes were excited by the declaration. On October 19 he set sail from Helvolsluys, with five hundred ships and fourteen thousand men, for Yorkshire; but he was driven down the Channel by a gale of wind, during which he passed the king's fleet in the Downs, and landed at Torbay, Nov. 5, 1688, and advanced to Exeter. James declared his intention of calling a parliament, and hastened to Salisbury. His officers. promised to stand by him, but one of the most conspicuous and favored of them, Lord Churchillafterward Duke of Marlborough-deserted to the opposite camp a few days after, with the Duke of Grafton, a natural son of Charles II. The king now retreated. At Andover he was abandoned by Prince George of Denmark, the husband of his daughter Anne, and on reaching London, he found that Anne herself had fled to Nottingham with Lady Churchill and the bishop of London. "God help me," he piteously exclaimed, "my own children have forsaken me." He now seemed passive in the hands of his council, composed of the peers who were in London. By their advice he proclaimed an amnesty, summoned a parliament to meet, and sent commissioners to treat with William. Meanwhile he was planning his escape, without waiting for the result of the negotiations. The queen and her infant son left Whitehall, Dec. 10, and sailed for France, and three o'clock the next morning the king stole away in disguise, carrying with him the Great Seal, which he threw into the river as he hastened to Sheerness, where a vessel waited for him. By these acts he left the country without a government,

and his reign is held to have terminated on this day, Dec. 11, 1688.

Meanwhile James had been recognized at Sheerness and detained by the populace. His friends escorted him back to Whitehall; where, misled by the compassion shown him by the people, he resumed the airs of a monarch. He waited at Rochester for a few days; and on December 23 sailed for France. He was kindly received by Louis, and took up his abode at St. Germain's, which henceforth became the court of the exiled Stuarts.

The Prince of Orange arrived at Whitehall the same day that James departed, and assembled a body of about seventy peers, with the lord mayor and aldermen and about fifty citizens, and several members of former parliaments. Rejecting a premature offer of the crown, William, by their advice, summoned a "Convention of the Estates," consisting of the peers and commoners elected just as for a parliament. The wants of the exchequer were supplied meanwhile by a free loan from the merchants of London.

In Scotland, the royal troops having been withdrawn, the Covenanters proclaimed William king, at Glasgow, and a deputation waited on him at London requesting him to summon the Estates.

The convention met on January 22, 1689. The Prince of Orange refused the proposal of a regency; and before filling the vacant throne, the commons drew up, and the lords accepted, the memorable "Declaration of Rights," which has been styled the "Magna Charta of the Revolution." It recapitulated the offences of the late king; re-asserted the ancient rights of the people; and settled the crown on William and Mary, as king and queen. On the 13th of February, 1689, the convention met at Whitehall; the declaration was read; the crown was offered to the prince and princess of Orange, and accepted by William in a few quiet words; and, amidst the shouts of the people William and Mary were proclaimed king and queen of England, France and Ireland.

William Henry of Nassau, prince of Orange, was born at the Hague, November 4, 1650, eight days after the death of his father, William II., stadtholder of the United Provinces. His mother was the Princess Mary, daughter of Charles I.; and thus he was the nephew, as well as the son-in-law, of James II. He had trained his slender body and weak constitu

tion to endure fatigue. His pale and impassive countenance was lighted up by piercing eyes and dignified by an ample forehead. His demeanor was grave and reserved almost to moroseness; and he was taciturn to dumbness. When he spoke, it was little and very slowly, with what Bishop Burnet calls "a disgusting dryness," but "well and to the point," and his words could always be implicitly relied on. His excellence lay in action.

Though the crown was shared alike by William and Mary, the government was entirely committed to the king. Parliament now assumed for the first time the power of appropriating supplies, and settled the revenue of the crown on a scale of frugality bordering on distrust. William used Dutch troops at home and abroad. Freedom of worship was secured to Protestant Dissenters by the "Toleration Act," and there was no relaxation of the penal laws against Roman Catholics. In the church of England, the primate Sancroft and seven other bishops refused to take the new oath of allegiance and were suspended. Their example was followed by four hundred of the clergy. These were named Nonjurors.

A formidable civil war had broken out in Ireland, where James himself landed on March 12, 1689, having been furnished by Louis XIV. with a fleet, but he had only twelve hundred of his own soldiers and one hundred French officers. Tyrconnel met him. at Cork, with a horde of wild Irish, far more than he could arm. With this force, and with only twelve field-pieces and four mortars, he laid siege to Londonderry, which raised the long-celebrated cry of "No surrender." The city was blocked for one hundred and five days by Marshal Rosen, and both inhabitants and garrison suffered the last extremities of famine; but their heroic resistance, under Major Baker and a clergyman named Walker, was at last successful. They were relieved by Kirke, July 30, and on August 1st the besieging army broke up, after burning their huts. On the same day Lord Mountcashel was defeated at Newton Butler by the Protestants of Enniskillen. On August 12th Marshal Schomberg landed at Donaghadee, with 10,000 men, and took and sacked Carrickfergus. James, after in vain offering him battle, retired into winter quarters. During the summer he had held a parliament at Dublin, which voted some violent reactionary measures.

King William landed in Ireland at Carrickfergus,