Prospicere et certis poteris cognoscere signis: Inmundi meminere sues iactare maniplos. At nebulae magis ima petunt campoque recumbunt, 'Ex imbri,' after the shower you will know 395.] Virgil begins by negativing certain phenomena, which would have been more naturally mentioned among the signs of rain. Aratus 281, Ημος δ' ἀστέροθεν καθαρὸν φάος ἀμβλύνηται. And the 396.] Obnoxia,' beholden. moon is bright as though she shone with her own light.' "Non rastris, hominum non ulli obnoxia curae," 2. 438. Wagn. interprets it not reddened by the sunset:' Heyne, who has an Excursus on the passage, supposes the meaning to be that the moon does not rise, regarding 'fratris radiis obnoxia' as a sort of perpetual epithet. 397.] Aratus 206, 207. Lucr. 6. 504 compares rain clouds to 'pendentia vellera lanae,' referring principally to their power of imbibing moisture. 'Tenuia,'trisyllable, as in Lucr. 3. 383," tenuia fila," and elsewhere. 398.] Tepidum ad solem,' the afternoon or evening sun. 399.] 'Dilectae Thetidi,' possibly because the lovers were changed into Halcyons by Thetis but it is simpler to say 'loved by her as sea. birds.' Comp. Theocr. 7. 59. 400.] 'Meminere:' comp. "meminere fugai," Lucr. 4. 713, and the Homeric use οἱ μεμνῆσθαι. Iactare solutos maniplos, 'to toss them so as to loosen them;' toss them to pieces.' Keightley says the swine carry straw in their mouths to make beds for themselves. 395 400 405 410 401.] Nebulae,' that is, the clouds on the mountains. Comp. Aratus 256-258. 403.] The night owl is a sign of fine weather, Aratus 267. 'Nequiquam,' like 'incassum '—a prolonged objectless effort. 404.] Liquido,' clear after the storms. For the story see the Pseudo-Virgilian Ciris (where vv. 538-541 are reproduced); also Öv. M. 8. 1 foll. 407.] It is best to take inimicus, atrox' as two epithets. Comp. "Acer, anhelanti similis," A. 5. 254. 408.] Keightley explains 'qua se fert Nisus ad auras' of the greater bird having missed his pounce, and thus being obliged to soar into the air in order to make a second, while the smaller escapes as fast as it can. 409.] Raptim:' the primitive meaning is either by a snatch' or 'by snatches;' hence 'eagerly,' 'hastily,' 'quickly.' Comp. that sense of rapidus' in which it seems to have the meaning of 'rapio,' noticed in E. 2. 10 note. 410.] Liquidas,' 'soft,' opposed to raucas.' Presso gutture' apparently opposed to plena voce.' The whole passage is loosely rendered from Aratus 271277. Aratus appears to distinguish accurately between the ionμalog Kópa that cries δισσάκις and πλειότεροι δ' ἀγεληδόν. Comp. Lucr. 5. 1083 foll. Nescio qua praeter solitum dulcedine laeti, Verum, ubi tempestas et caeli mobilis humor 415 Denset, erant quae rara modo, et, quae densa, relaxat, Si vero solem ad rapidum lunasque sequentis 412.] Nescio qua,' &c.: xaipei KE TIs wtorairo. The Virgilian version is characteristic. 413.] The old reading was 'inter se foliis.' Wagn. restored the prep. from Med. Rom. 'Imbribus actis ' may either be 'when the rain is spent,' like "tempus actum (Burm.), or 'when the rain is driven away' (Heyne), not 'when the rain has descended' (Wund., who comp. 2. 334). The sentence can hardly have any other meaning than that the rooks are glad to revisit their young when the showers are over, though Keightley objects that they have been driven home already by the shower, and accordingly understands 'revisere,' 'to review,' examine the state in which they are in after the storm. Servius asserts on the authority of Pliny that rooks are apt to forget their young and not go near them. 415.] An allusion to the Pythagorean, Platonist, and Stoic spiritualism, which Virgil here rejects in favour of the Epicurean and Lucretian materialism. In 4. 219 &c. he mentions the anima mundi' view without disapprobation. Divinitus' is distinguished from 'fato,' as Virgil is evidently alluding to the language of different philosophies, fato' pointing to the Stoic doctrine. Not, if I may judge, that Heaven has given them any spark of wit like ours, or Fate any deeper insight into things.' Rerum prudentia' go together. 'Maior,' 'more than usual '--more, for instance, than men have. It seems better to follow Reiske in pointing Haud, equidem credo,' than to keep the common punctuation Haud equidem credo.' 'Equidem credo' is thrown in modestly. 'Iuvat-nidos' will then be a kind of parenthesis, giving the reason for 6 420 The 421.] Alios, dum nubila ventus agebat' is to be construed parenthetically. change from low to high spirits being the point, the second alios' is logically = quam,' and does not denote a co-ordinate difference, as in " Numquam aliud natura, aliud sapientia dicit" (Juv. 14. 321). Comp. Plaut. Trin. 1. 11. 123, “Alium fecisti me, alius ad te veneram." 422.] In agris,' 'in the country.' It seems scarcely the appropriate word; and it is curious that the 'pecudes' come between the' aves' and the 'corvi.' Perhaps we may render There lies the secret of the birds' rural chorus, and the ecstasy of the cattle, and the rooks' triumphal paean.' 424-437.] You may get prognostics too from observing the sun and moon. Ob. scurity in a new moon is a sign of rain: redness, of wind: but if she is clear on her fourth day, there will be fine weather to the end of the month.' 424.] Rapidum :' comp. above, E. 2. 10, though here it may have its ordinary sense. Ordine respicies, numquam te crastina fallet 'Sequentis,' following each other. 'Lunas' might mean either the daily or monthly moons, but, looking to 'primum' and 'ortu quarto,' it probably means the daily. 426.] Cerda comp. A. 5. 851, "Caeli toties deceptus fraude sereni." 427.] These lunar prognostics are selected from Arat. 46 foll., where the subject is treated much more elaborately. Virgil has seized the three main points, dullness as a sign of rain, redness of wind, brightness of fair weather, and expressed them in language borrowed from various parts of his original. Aratus has expressed them himself yet more concisely, vv. 70 foll. Πάντη γὰρ καθαρῇ κε μάλ' εὔδια τεκμήραιο, Πάντα δ ̓ ἐρευθομένη δοκέειν ἀνέμοιο κελεύ. θους, ̓Αλλοθι δ ̓ ἄλλο μελαινομένῃ δοκέειν ὑετοῖο. 'Colligere' seems to imply the recalling of things scattered and their formation into a mass. 'Revertentis,' 'returning to her.' "Sparsosque recolligit ignes," Lucan 1. 157, of the lightning. The metaphor is perhaps from a general rallying his forces. If this seem too great a strain on the language, we may construecolligit' simply 'gathers,' and ' revertentis 6 reappearing.' "What time the mighty moon was gathering light," Tennyson. 428.] Aera,' the air seen between the horns of the crescent moon. We should say there is a halo round the moon.' But the words need only mean if the air is dark and the crescent dull.' 429.] Agricolis pelagoque,' a poetical variety for agris pelagoque' or ' agricolis nautisque.' 430.] Ore' may be explained as an ablative of place; which without the prep. 425 430 435 is rare, but occasionally occurs, particularly in poetry (3. 439., A. 6. 187). Perhaps the already double construction of 'suffundo' may have suggested this further variety, which is simply an inversion of suffuderit os rubore.' Here as elsewhere (see A. 1. 381) Virgil, in seeking for variety, seems to have had more than one possible construction in his mind. It seems scarcely Virgilian to suppose 'ore' to be an old form of the dative. But see Key's Latin Grammar, 1020. 432.] Is,'' ortus quartus.' Aratus dwells on the third and fourth as the critical days, and connects his prognostics with them. Virgil just gives the unfavourable prognostics without reference to days, and then connects the favourable prognostics with one of the critical days. Auctor:' si mihi Iuppiter auctor Spondeat," A. 5. 17. 433.] Virgil takes his general distinctions from Aratus, 'pura' answering to καθαρή, obtunsis cornibus' to παχίων καὶ außXiyoɩ kepalais, and 'rubet' to ipɛú0ns. "non 434.] Arat. 73 foll. seems to say that the signs of the third and fourth days will only hold good for half the month. 436.]Servati,' that have come safe to port'-not preserved from peril as if there had been a storm. Comp. owεobat. 'In litore,' A. 5. 236. 437.] Taken almost verbally, according to Gell. 13. 26 and Macr. Sat. 5. 17, from Sol quoque et exoriens, et cum se condet in undas, a line of Parthenius, who is said to have taught Virgil Greek-гaukų kai Nnpei (Nŋoni?) kai 'Ivy (Gell. gives ɛivalių) Μελικέρτη. The peculiarity is that the last syllable of Glauco' is left open in the thesis, a licence not indulged in by Virgil elsewhere. Wagn. would read Glaucoque.' 438-460.] For the sun's prognostics, a spotted or hollow disc at rising is a sign of rain a cloudy or pale sunrise of hail. At sunset dark grey spots denote rain, fiery red wind, a mixture of the two rain and wind. But a clear rising and setting betoken clear weather.' 438.] The following passage is closely imitated from Aratus 87 foll. Condet:' Heyne 'condit,' but the change is unnecessary, and has but slender MS. authority. 439.] Sequuntur,' ' attend.' 441.] Virgil has here mixed two, and unless' que' in the next line is to be taken for ve,' three signs which are separate in Aratus. Nascentem,' &c. is a translation of ποικίλλοιτο νέον βάλλοντος ἀρούρας Kúkλog, and medioque refugerit orbe' of kołλog ¿eidóμevoç περTÉλλy, which is translated by Avienus 'medioque recedens orbe.' 'Medioque refugerit orbe:' either recedes from the middle of his disc to the circumference, or retires in respect of the middle of his disc. Lucan, 5. 544, has a similar line, speaking however of sunset: “ Orbe quoque exhaustus medio languensque recessit." As in the case of the moon, Virgil has picked out salient points from Aratus' lengthy enumeration. 442.] Condo' is naturally constructed here, as in v. 438, as a verb of motion, as 440 445 450 it means strictly not 'to hide,' but 'to throw together' or 'into' (comp. 'coniicio,' 'contorqueo'). 443.] There is the same doubt about 'ab alto' here as about ex alto,' v. 324. The sense from the deep' is truer to nature; 'from on high' perhaps more like Virgil. 445.] Aratus couples this prognostic with the concavity of the disc as portending either rain or wind. 'Sese diversi rumpent' is oxióμeval. Sese rumpent' = erumpent,' as in A. 11. 549, "tantus se nubibus imber Ruperat." Lucan 5. 542, speaking of sunset, says, "Noton altera Phoebi, Altera pars Borean diducta luce vocabat." 446.] The only thing answering to this in Aratus is v. 115-119; where however the phenomenon is the same, but its significance totally opposite. 447.] Imitated from Hom. Il. 11. 1, Od. 5. 1, and repeated A. 4. 585., 9. 460. 449.] Comp. opioσovтaç öμßpovs, Pind. Pyth. 4. 81. Sharp.' The radical notion of the word seems to be that of erect points. 450.] If 'hoc' refers to what goes before, it may mean either generally the sun's significance, or specially the particular facts just noted, that being taken as a type of the others, which are supposed to be yet more significant in the evening than in the morning. Aratus, v. 158, says, 'Eonepioiç kai μãλov έñíтρeñε σýμaoi Tourois (the last three words are otherwise read ἀληθέα τεκμήραιο,) ̔Εσπερόθεν γὰρ ὁμῶς σημαίνεται μμevès alɛí. This points to the latter of the two interpretations suggested, hoc' being σήμασι τούτοις. If any MS. were to give haec' it would perhaps be an improvement. Profuerit meminisse magis; nam saepe videmus nam' understand 'tum,' 'at evening.' 452.] • Errare,” ἐπιτρέχει. 453.] Caeruleus' (note on v. 235), μελανεῖ. ‘Igneus,” ἔρευθος. 454.] A translation of εi ye μèv ȧupOTÉρwv äμvdig kexpwoμévos ein. 'Maculae' must therefore relate to 'caeruleus,' 'igni' to' igneus.' 456.] Fervĕre:' Virgil also uses 'ef fervo,'' strido,' and 'fulgo.' 'Non' for 'ne' is rarely used. Quinctilian (1. 5) mentions it as a solecism. 457.] Wagn. and others read 'ab,' from Valerius Probus 1, p. 1411, but without MS. authority. Wagner's theory that 'ab' is always άπó seems arbitrary. 'Convellere funem,' to pluck up the cable with the anchor. 458.] Aratus 126 foll. Aratus says that if the sun sets without cloud, but there are red clouds above, there is no danger of rain next morning or at night. Virgil omits half the prognostic, and extends the rest to the morning. 459.] Frustra terrebere nimbis' seems at first sight to mean you need not be frightened by clouds if there are any,' implying that there are likely to be some. But the words seem to be a rhetorical translation of Arat. 1. c. ou σε μάλα χρὴ Αὔριον οὐδ ̓ ἐπὶ νυκτὶ περιτρομέειν ὑετοῖο. 460.] Claro' marks that the fear of ' nimbi' is vain. 461-491.] 'In short, the sun is your great prognosticator of weather; and not of weather alone, for he gives signs of sudden and secret commotions, as lately when he darkened himself in grief for the death of 455 460 Caesar, though in truth that was a time for other portents in earth, sea, and sky-dogs howling, owls hooting, volcanic eruptions, arms clashing in the sky, earthquake shocks, mysterious voices, apparitions, cattle speaking like men, rivers stopping, images covered with moisture, inundations, ill-omened sacrifices, springs of blood, wolves heard within city walls, lightnings in a clear sky, and shooting stars-all prelusive to a second battle of Roman against Roman, fought in the same country as the first, and leaving a store of relics to be turned up in distant days by the husbandman.' 461.] Nescis, quid vesper serus vehat' was a Roman proverb, and formed the title of one of Varro's Menippean Satires. Gell. 13. 11, Macr. Sat. 1.7. The secrets which evening carries on his wing.' 'Unde serenas Ventus agat nubes' seems to be explained by the previous line. The sun gives prognostics of fair winds producing fair weather. 'Serenas agat nubes' is probably to be explained agat nubes ita ut serenum sit caelum.' In any case' serenas' is evidently opposed to humidus.' Probably Virgil is loosely summing up the minute directions in Aratus, v. 880— 889. |