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wearing long haire or nailes; whiche are but excrements of nature, and bewraie fuche mifulers of them, to be either of a vindictiue, or a vaine light naturall. Efpeciallie, make no vowes in fuche vaine and outward thinges, as concerne either meate or cloathes.

Let your felfe and all your Court weare no ordinarie armour with your cloathes, but feche as is knightlie, and honourable: I meane rapier-fwordes, and daggers. For tuilyefome weapons in the Courte, betokens confufion in the countrie. And therefore bannifhe not onelie from your Courte, all traiterous offenfiue weapons, forbidden by the lawes; as gunnes and fuche fike (whereof 1 fpake alreadie) but alfo all traiterous defenfiue armes as fecretes, plate-fleeues, and fuche like vnfeene armour. For, befides that the wearers thereof, may be præfuppofed to haue a fecrete euill intention, they want both the vses that defenfiue armour is ordained for: whiche is, to be able to holde out violence, and by their outwarde glaunfing in their enemies eies, to trike a terrour in their harts. Where by the contrarie, they can ferue for neither; being not onely vnable to refift, but dangerous for fhots, and giuing no outwat.de fhowe against the enemie.being onelie ordained, for betraying vnder trufte; whereof honest men fhould be afhamed to beare the outwarde badge, not refembling the thing they are not. And for anfwere against these arguments, I know none but the olde Scottes fathion: whiche if it be wrong, is no more to be allowed for auncient effe, then the olde Maffe is, whiche alfo our forefathers vfed.

The next thing that ye haue to take heede to, is your fpeaking and language; whereunto I joyne your gefture, fince action is one of the che feft qualities, that is required in an oratour: for as the tongue fpeaketh to the eares, fo doth the gefture

fpeake to the eies of the auditour. In both your fpeaking and your gefture, vfe a naturall and plaine forme, not fairded with artifice for (as the French-men fay (Rien contre-fait fin; but efchewe all affectate formes in both.

In your language be plaine, boneft, naturall, comelie, cleane, fhort, and fentencious: efchewing both thẻ extremities, afwell in not vfing any rufticall corrupt leide, as booke-language, pen and inke-horne tearmes, and leaft of all mignarde and effœmi nate tearmes. But let the greatest parte of your eloquence confift in a naturail, cleare, and fenfible forme of the deliuerie of your minde, builded euer vpon certaine and good groundes, tempering it with granitie, quickuefie, or merince, according to the fubject, and occafion of the time; not taunting in Theology, nor alleadging and prophaning the Scripture in drinking purpofts, as ouer manie doe.

Vfe alfo the like forme in your gefture; neither looking fiilelie, like a ftupide pedant; nor vafetledlie, with an vncouth morgue, like a new-comouer Cavalier: but let your behauior be naturall, graue, and according to the fashion of the countrie. Be not ouer sparing in your courtèfies; for that will be imputed to in-civility and arrogancie: nor yet ouer prodigal in jowking or nodding at cuery ftep; for that forme of being populare, be commeth better afpiring Abfaloms, then lawful Kings: framing euer your geftore according to your prefent actions: looking grauelie and with a majestie when ye fit in judgement, or giues audience to Embaffadours; homely, when ye are in priuate with your owne feruantes; merelie, when ye are at any paftime or merrié difcourfe; and let your coun tenance fmell of courage and magnanimitie when ye are at the warres, And remember (1 fay ouer againe} to be piaine and fenfible in your ianguage: for befides that it is the

tongues

Fongues office, to be the meffenger of the mind; it may be thought a point of imbecillitie of fpirite in a King, to fpeake obfcurelie; muche more vntrulie: as if he floode awe of any in vttering his thoughts.

Remember alfo, to put a difference betwixt your forme of language in reafoning, and your pronouncing of fentences, or declaratour of your wil in judgement, or anie other waies in the points of your office. For in the former cafe, ye muft reafon pleasantlie and pacientlie, not like a king, but like a priuate man and a scholer; otherwaies, your impacience of contradiction will be intrepreted to be for Jacke of reafon on your parte. Where in the pointes of your office, ye fhould ripelie aduife indeede, before ye giue forth your fentence; but fra it be giuen forth, the fuffering of any contradiction, diminisheth the Majeftie of your authoritie, and maketh the proceffes endleffe. The like forme would also be obferued by all your inferiour judges and Magiftrates.

Nowe as to your writing, whiche is nothing elfe, but a forme of en-regiftrate fpeeche; vse a plaine, fhorte, but statelie ftile, both in your proclamations and mifliues, especiallie to forraine princes. And if your engine fpurre you to write any workes, eyther in verfe or in profe; I cannot but allowe you to practife it: but take no longfome workes in hande, for distracting you from your calling. Flatter not your felfe in your laboures, but before they be fet forth, let them first be priuilie cenfured by fome of the best skilled men in that craft, that in thefe workes ye medle with. And because your writes will remaine as true pictures of your minde, to all pofterities; let them be free of all un-comelinefle and vnhoneftie: and according to Horace his counfell

Nonumque premantur in annum. I meane both your verfe and your profe; letting firit that fury and

heate, wherewith they were written, coole at leafure; and then as an vocouth judge and cenfor, reuifing them ouer againe, before they be published, quia nefcit vox miffa reuerti.

If ye would write worthelie, choofe fubjectes worthie of you, that be not full of vanitie, but of vertue; efchewing obfcuritie, and delighting euer to be plaine and fenfible. And if ye write in verfe, remember that it is not the principall parte of a poeme to rime right, and flowe well with many prettie wordes: but the chiefe commendation of a poeme is, that when the verfe fhall be fhaken fundrie in profe, it shall be founde fo riche in quick inventions, and poeticke floures, and in faire and pertinent comparifons; as it fhall retaine the luftre of a poeme, although in profe. And I would alfo aduile you to write in your owne language, for there is no thing left to be faide in Grecke and Latine alreadie; and ynewe of poore fchollers would matche you in these lan-, guages; and befides that, it belt becommeth a King to purifie and make famous his owne tongue, wherein he may goe before all his fubjects; as it fetteth him well to doe in all ho neit and lawful things.

And amongst all vnneceffarie thinges that are lawfull and expedi ent, I thinke exercises of the bodie mofte commendable to be vfed by a young prince, in fuche honest games or paltimes, as may further ability and maintaine health. For albeit I graunt it to be moft requifite for a King to exercife his engine, whiche furclie with idleneffe will roufte and become blunt; yet certainly bodily exercifes and games are verie commendable; afwell for bannifhing of idleneffe (the mother of all vice) as for making his bodie able and durable for travell, whiche is very neceffarie for a King. But from this count I debarre all rough and violent exercifcs, as the foot-ball; meeter for laming, then making able the vfers thereof; as

like wife

likewife fuch tumbling trickes as onely ferue for Comedians a d Balladines, to win their breade with. But the exercises that I would haue you to vfe (although but moderatlie, not making a craft of them) are runing, leaping, wrattling, fencing, dauncing, and playing at the caitche or tennf, archery, palle maille, and fuche like other faire and plealant field games. And the honorableft and moit commendable games that ye can vie, are on horse-backe; for it becommeth a prince beft of anie man, to be a faire and good horfe-man. Vie therefore to ride and danton great and couragious horfes, that I may fay of you, ae Philip faide of great Alexander his fonne. Maxidovíz 'sos xweu. And fpeciallie vfe fache games on horfe-back, as may teache you to handle your armes thereon; fuche as the tilt, the ring, and love-ryding for handling of your fwurde.

I cannot omit heere the hunting, namelie with ruaning houndes, whiche is the most honourable and nobleft forte thereof; for it is a theeuifhe forme of hunting to fhoote with gunnes and bowes; and grey-hound hunting is not fo martiall a game. But becaus I would not be thoght a a partial! praiser of this fport, I remit you to Xenophon, an olde and famous writer, who had no mind of flattering you or me in this purpose: and who also fetteth downe a faire patern, for the education of a yong king, vader the fuppofed name of Cyrus.

As for hawking I condemne it not, but I muft praise it more fparinglie, because it neither refembleth the warres fo neere as hunting doth, in making a man hardie, and skilfullie ridden in all grounds; and is more vncertaine and fubject to mifchances; and (whiche is worst of all) is therethrough an extreame ftirrer vp of paffions. But in vfing either of these games obferue that moderation, that ye flip not there-with the houres appointed for your affaires, whiche ye

ought euer præcifelie to keepe; remembring that these games are but ordayned for you, in enabling you for your office, for the whiche ye are ordained.

And as for fitting houfe paftimes, where-with men by driving time, fpurre a free and faft ynough running hofe (as the prouerbe is) although they are not profitable for the exercise either of minde or bodie, yet can I not vtterlie condemne them; fince they may at times fupply the roome, whiche being empty, would be patent to pernitious idlenes quia nihil poteft effe vacuum. I will not therfore ag gree with the curiofity of fome learned men in our age, in forbidding carts, dice, and other fuche like games of hazard; although otherwaies furely I reuerence them as notable and god. lie men. For they are deceaued therein, in founding their argument vpon a mistaken grounde; whiche is, that the playing at fuche games, is a kinde of cafting of lot, and therfore vn-lawfull; wherin they deceaue themfelues. For the cafting of lot was vsed for triall of the trueth in any obfcure thing, that otherwaies could not be gotten cleared, and therfore was a forte of prophecie; where by the contrarie, no man goeth to anie of thefe plaies, to clear any obfcure trueth, but onelie to gage fo muche of his owne money, as he pleafeth, vpon the hazarde of the running of the cartes or dice, as well as he would doe vpon the speede of a horse or a dog, or any fuche like gaigeour. And fo, if they be vn-lawfull, all gaigeours vpon vncertainties must likewaies be condemned. Not that thereby I take the defence of vaine carters and dicers, that wafte their moyen and their time (wherof fewe confider the pretioufneffe) vpon prodigall and continuall playing; no, I would rather allowe it to be difcharged, where fuche corruption cannot be efchewed. But onelie I cannot condemne you at fome times, when ye

haue

haue no other thing a-doe (as a good King will be feeldome) and are wearie of reading, or euill difpofed in your perfon, and when it is foule and ftormie weather; then, I fay, may ye lawfully play at the carts or tables. For as to dyeing, I thinke it becometh beft deboshed fouldiers to play at, on the head of their drums, being onelie ruled by hazarde, and fubject to knauifhe cogging. And as for the cheffe, I thinke it ouer fonde, becaufe it is ouer wife and philofophick a follie. For where all fuche light plaies, are ordained to free mens heades for a time, from the fashious thoughts on their affaires; it by the contrarie filleth and troubleth mens heades, with as many fashious toies of the play, as before it was filled with thoughts on his affaires.

But in your playing I would haue you to keepe three rules: firft or ye play, confider ye doe it only for your recreation, and refolue to hazard the loffe of all that ye play; and next, for that cause play no more then ye care to caft among pages; and laft, play alwaies faire play precifely, that ye come not in vfe of tricking and lying in jefte; otherwife, if ye cannot keepe thefe rules, my counfell is that ye alluterly abftain from thefe plays. For neither a madde paffion for loffe, nor falhood vfed for defire of gaine, can be called a play.

Nowe, it is not onely lawfull, but neceffarie, that ye haue companie meete for eurerie thing ye take on hand, afwell in your games and exercifes, as in your graue and earnest affaires. But learne to diftinguifhe time according to the occafion; chofing your companie accordinglie. Conferre not with hunters at your counfell, nor in your counfell affairs; nor dispatche not affaires at hunting or other games. And haue the like refpect to the feafons of your age; vfing your fortes of recreation and companie therefore, agreeing thereunto. For it becometh beft, as kind

lieft, euery age to fmell of their owne qualitie, infolence and vn-lawfull thinges beeing alwaies efchewed; and not that a colte fhould drawe the plough, and an old horfe run away with the harrowes. But take heede, fpeciallie, that your company for recreation be chofen of honeft perfons; not defamed or vicious, mixing filthy talk with merrines Corrumpunt bonos mores colloquia praua. And chieflie abftine from haunting, before your mariage, the idle companie of dames, which are no thing else, but irritamenta libidinis. bufe your felfe, in making your sporters your counsellers; and delight not to keepe ordinarilie in your companie, Comedians or Balladines; for the tyrans delighted moft in them, glorying to be both authors and actors of Comœdies and Tragedies themfelues. Wher-upon the answer that the poete Philoxenus difdainfullie gaue to the tyran of Syracuse there anent is nowe come in a prouerbe, reduc me in Latomias. And all the rufe that Nere made of himfelfe when he died, was Qualis artifex pereo? meaning of his skill in menftrally, and playing of Tragedies: as indeede his whole life and death, was all but one Tragedie.

Be warre likewaies to a

Delight not alfo to be in your owne perfon a player vpon inftruments; cfpeciallie on fuche as commonly men winne their liuing with; nor yet to be fine of any mechanick craft: Leur efprit s'en fuit au bout des doigts faith Du Bartas, whofe works, as they are all mofte worthie to be red by any prince, or other gocd Chriftian; fo would I efpecially with you to be well verfed in them. But fpare not fome-times by merie companie, to be free from importunitie: for ye fhould be euer mooued with reafon, which is the onely quality whereby men differ from beaftes; and not with importunitie. For the whiche caufe (as alfo for augmenting your Majeftie) ye fhall not be fo facile of

acceffe

acceffe-giuing at all times, as I haue bene and yet not altogether retired, or locked vp, like the Kings of Per-, fia; appointing alfo certaine houres, for publick audience.

And fince my trust is, that God hath ordained you for moe kingdomes then this (as I haue oft al-, readie faide) preaffe by the outward, behauiour afwell of youe owne per fon, as of your courte, in all indifferent things, to allure peece and peece, the rest of your kingdoms, to followe the fashions of that kingdome of yours, that ye finde moft ciuill, eafieft to be ruled, and most obedient to the lawes. For thefe outward and indifferent things, will ferae greatlie for allurements to the people, to embrace and followe vertue. But be ware of thrawing or conftrayning them thereto; letting it be brought on with time, and at leafure; fpeciallie by fo mixing through alliance and daylie conuerfation, the inhabitants of euery kingdome with other, as may

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with time make them to growe and weld all in one. Whiche may cafi lie be done betwixt these two nations, being both but one Ile of Bri taine, and alreadie joyned in vnitie of religion and language. So that euen as in the times of our ancestors, the long warres and many bloodie battels betwixt these two countries, bred a naturall and hæreditarie, hatred in euery of them, against the other; the vaiting and welding of them heetafter in one, by all fort of friendship, commerce, and alliance; will by the contrary, produce and maintaine a naturall and infeparable-vnitie of loue amongst them. As we haue, alreadie (praife be to God) a great experience of the good beginning hereof, and of the quenching of the old hate in the harts of both the people; procured by the meanes of this long and happie amitie, betweene the Queene my dearest fifter and me, whiche during the whole time of both our raignes hath euer been inviolablie obferued.

E found Bamba a collection,

WR of villages, in a valley now

filled with foldiers. We went to the left with our guide, and got a tolerable houfe, but the door had been carried away. Fail's tent was pitched a little below us, larger than the others, but without further diftinc tion; it was easily known, however, by the lights about it, and by the nagareet, which ftill continued beating: he was. then juft alighting from his horfe. I immediately fent Ayto Aylo's fervant, whom I had with me, to prefent my compliments, and acquaint him of my being on the road to vifit him. I thought now all my difficul

ties were over; for I knew it was in his power to forward us to our jour ney's end; and his fervants, whom I faw at the palace near the king, when Fafil was invested with his command, had affured me, not only of an effec tual protection, but also of a magnifi cent reception, if I chanced to find him in Maitsha.

It was now, however, near eight at night of the the 30th (O&, 1770) before I received a meffage to attend him. I repaired immediately to his tent. After announcing myfelf, I waited about a quarter of an hour be fore I was admitted; he was fitting upon a cufhion with a lion's fin up