4. A Cafe in QUANTITY is, when we inquire into the Greatness or Smallness of a Crime; as, Tho' 'tis plain it is a Crime, yet 'tis denied to be a great Crime. Here we Amplify or Diminish; and by confidering how the Fact was circumftanced by Time, Place, Words, and Actions, inquiring Quis? Quid? Ubi? Quibus Auxiliis? Cur ? Quomodo? Quando? and comparing Things with Things, we determine what may be deem'd Great or Little. II. IÑARTIFICIAL RATIONAL ARGUMENTS are fuch as arife from without, and not from the Thing itfelf; fuch as Tefiimonies, Evidence, &c. N. B. In all our Arguments great Care must be taken that we bring in Nothing, nor let any Thing drop from us, that may prejudice the Topic we are upon. For, as Cicero well obferves, Turpius eft Oratori nocuiffe videri Caufe, quàm non profuiffe. Cic. de Orat. 2. 73. ANNOTATIONS. OBS. V. CPLACES fictione; as, Eundem læderes OMMON Cic. 4. A Diffimilium Con from whence AMPLI & laudares, & virum optimum, & hominem improbum effe diceres. Cic. 2. Phil. 5. A Caufis conglobatis; as, Mezentius's Cruelty, Virg. Æn. 8. 485. Mortua quinetiam jungebat Corpora vivis, Componens manibufque manus, atque oribus ora, Tormenti genus, & fanie taboque fluentes Complexu in mifero, longa cum morte necabat. 6. A Conglobatis Similitudinibus & Exemplis ; as, Æneas throwing his Spear, Æn. 12. 921. Murali concita nunquam Tormento fic faxa fremunt, nec fulmina tanti Diffultant crepitus; volat, atri turbinis inftar, Exitium dirum hafta ferens. C 2 SECT. SECT. II. Of ARGUMENTS from Morals. BY MORAL ARGUMENTS or Ar guments from Morals is meant, that the Orator or Speaker fhould well confider-Of what, before whom, and for whom he fpeaks. 1. In regard to his own Morals, That he himself may appear Honeft, Prudent, Impartial, Benevolent, &c. 2. In refpect to the Morals of the Judges, Audience, or Perfons he would perfuade; That the Thing perfuaded may alfo appear Honourable, Fuft, and Serviceable, &c. ANNOTATIONS. OBS. VI.MORAL AR- ferre perutile erit. Cic. Orat. 2. GUMENTS. 43. In fhort, fays the A. B. of CICERO and QUINTILIAN both infift upon their Orator's appearing and being a Good Man, and the Caufes he undertakes being juft, Valet enim multum ad vincendum, probari Mores, Inftituta, & Facta, & Vitam eorum, qui agunt Caufas, & eorum pro quibus. TULLY adds further, Si quid profequare acrius, ut invitus, & coactus facere videare. Facilitatis, Liberalitatis, Manfuetudinis, Pietatis, grati Animi, non appetentis, non avidi, Signa pro CAMBRAY, an Orator cannot be fit to perfuade People unless he be inflexibly upright. For which Reafon Cicero thought that Virtue is the chief and moft effential Quality of an Orator; and that he should be a Perfon of fuch unspotted Probity as to be a Pattern to his Fellow-Citizens; without which he cannot even seem to be convinc'd himself of what he fays; and confequently, he cannot perfuade others. Dialog. Eloquence, p. 40. Stev. SECT. SECT. III. Of ARGUMENTS from the Affections or Paffions. Y Arguments from the AFFECTIONS or PASSIONS is meant, that He who would gain his Point in Persuasion, must endeavour thoroughly to understand the Frame of Human Nature, and thereby work upon thofe Affections which God has placed in Human Minds as fecret Springs to all our Actions. Plura enim multo (fays TULLY) Homines judicant Odio, aut Amore, aut Cupiditate, aut Iracundiâ, aut Spe, aut Timore, aut Errore, aut aliquâ Permotione Mentis, quàm Veritate. Cic. de Orat. 2. 42. The AFFECTIONS or PASSIONS are certain Emotions of the Soul accompanied either with Pleafure or Pain. ANNOTATIONS. The OBS. VII. ARGUMENTS dium, Metus, Fidentia, Pudor, FROM PASSIONS. Refpecting the Paffions, more will be faid under the Head of Pronunciation. ARISTOTLE calls 'em fuch Affections of the Mind, οἷς ἕπεται λύπη καὶ ἡδονή, which Pleafure and Pain accompany. Thofe he treats of are, Ira, Delinitio, Amor, 0 Gratia, Mifericordia, Stomachatio, Invidia. Some of which the Orator, according to the Nature of his Subject, mult fhew in himself, if he hopes to work upon the Affections of others; for, as HORACE obferves, in his Art of Poetry, 'Tis Nature forms, and foftens us within, And writes our Fortunes Changes in our Face. Pleasure enchants, impetuous Rage tranfports, And Grief dejects, and wrings the tortur'd Soul; And thefe are all interpreted by Speech: But he whofe Words and Fortunes difagree, Abfurd, unpity'd, grows a public Jeft. In fhort, to be able to touch upon and move the Paffions properly, to fet Truth in the Rofcommon fulleft Light, to represent it as amiable, and engage Men to love and purfue it, is the most glorious The four chief Paffions are; JOY, in respect to fome prefent Good; HOPE, in refpect to fome future Good; GRIEF, in refpect to fome prefent Evil; and FEAR, in refpect to fome fu ture Evil. To these may be added, Anger, Lenity, Modefty, Impudence, Love, Hatred, Malice, Envy, Compaffion, and Emulation, &c. Vid. Ger. Jo. Voffii Elem. Rhet. de Invent. Vide etiam ejufdem Voffii Partit. Orat. lib. 1. c. 2. §. 5. c. 3, 4, 5, 6, &c. lib. 2. cap. 1, 2, &c. 15, &c. ANNOTATIONS. glorious Quality of an Orator. For as the A. B. of CAMBRAY obferves from TU L "tue; and to direct every other Paffion to its proper Objects. This is what LT," The whole Art of E-PLATO calls affecting the loquence confifts in inforcing the cleareft Proofs of any "Truth, with fuch powerful Motives as may affect the "Hearers, and employ their Paffions to juft and worthy "Ends; to raise their Indig"nation, at Ingratitude; their "Horror, against Cruelty; their Compaffion, for the Miferable; their Love, of Vir "Minds of an Audience, and "moving their Bowels." Dialog. Eloq. p. 70.- Neque fieri poteft, ut doleat is qui audit, ut oderit, ut invideat, ut pertimefcat aliquid, nifi omnes ii Motus quos Orator adhibere volet Judici, in ipfo Oratore imprefi, atque inufti videbuntur. Cic. Orat. 2.45. PART PART II. Of DISPOSITION, or, The Right Placing of our Arguments, when Invented. What is Difpofition? How many Parts are there in an Oration, and in what Order Should they stand? §. 1. What is the Buf nefs of an Exordium? What is the Narration? What doth the Propofition? What is the Confirmation? What doth the Refutation? What doth the Peroration? Give an Example of an Oration or Declamation from the Claffics. §. 2. How many and what are the Parts of a Theme? Give an Example of a Theme. Where may be had more Examples of Orations, Declamations, Themes, &c? E. ISPOSITION is the Ranging of our Arguments or the Parts of an Oration in the most orderly and proper Manner. F. THE PARTS of an ORATION or DECLAMATION are ufually reckoned Six, and generally allow'd to ftand in this Order, Exordium, Narration, Propofition, Confirmation, Refutation, and Peroration, according to the old Verse. Exorfus, Narro, Seco, Firmo, Refuto, Proro. SECT. |