2) Nominatives which end in o have dropt n.

Those in c, t, a, e, are Neuter words without final suffix.

3) The vowel of the true Stem is often shewn both in the Nounstem and the Nominative: dux duc-, fax fac-, &c. Sometimes the Noun-stem, and not the Nominative, shews the root-vowel: iudex iudic- (true form dic-), coměs comit- (true form it-). Sometimes the Nominative, and not the Noun-stem, shews it: auspex auspic- (true form spěc-); obses obsid- (true form sěd-). Sometimes neither of the two: remex remig- (true form is ǎg-, of which the ǎ is weakened into in the open syllable, to ě in the close). So auceps aucup-, princeps princip- (true form in each cặp-), noměn nomin- (Primitive naman).

iii. Syllabus.

In the following Syllabus the chief stems are given, with Nom. endings, and distinctions of Gender (M. F. N. C.). Greek stems which include no true Latin words, are kept separate: but where the same stem comprises words in both languages, Greek are added to Latin words, and marked with an asterisk. This stands before the Gender when all of that Gender are Greek words.

A. Mute Guttural Stems.

To form the Nom. S., the stem adds s, with which the guttural melts into x, I being generally changed into ě.

1) Latin Guttural Stems, with a few Greek marked *.

ǎc

ac

-ax

ĕc

ēc

-ax

-ex

F. fax, torch: *M. Corax.

F. pax, peace: fornax, furnace; M. Aiax; C. līmax,
snail.

*M. Thrax, Thracian; Phaeax, Phacacian, thōrax,
breastplate.

F. nex, death; (prěc-), prayer, has no Nom. G. Sing.
Adj. faenisex, haycutter.

(Variant C.; senex, old person, inflected sen- for
senĕc-. Demin. senec-io.)

-ex (-ec) M. vervex, wether. N. halec, fish-pickle (also F.
halex).

M. ǎpex, peak; caudex or cōdex, trunk, writing-
book, &c.; cimex, bug; cŭlex, gnat; extispex,
entrail-viewer; frutex, shrub; latex, liquid; mũ-
rex, purple-shell, purple; podex; pollex, thumb;
pontifex, pontiff; pūlex, flea; pūmex, pumice; rā-
mex, blood vessel; saurex or sōrex, shrew-mouse;
vertex or vortex, summit, eddy.

F. carex, sedge; ilex, scarlet oak: paelex, concu-
bine; vitex (a shrub).

C. cortex, bark; forfex, shears; illex, decoyer;
imbrex, tile; rŭmex, sorrel; sílex, basalt; with
words applicable to cither sex; artifex, auspex,
carnifex, index, iudex, opifex, vindex. See p. 76.

Syllabus

of Cons.

Stems.

M. călix, cup; fornix, arch; *Cilix, Cilician.
F. appendix; coxendix, hip; filix, fern; fülix,
gull; natrix, water-snake; pix, pitch; sălix, wil-
low; struix, heap; (vĭc-is), change (no Nom. S.);
*hystrix, porcupine.

C. lărix, larch; vārix, swoln vein.

F. cervix, neck; cicatrix, scar; cornix, raven ; coturnix, quail; lōdix, blanket; meretrix; nutrix, nurse; rādix, root; vībix, weal; and many

more.

*M. Phoenix, Phoenician (also a name); phoenix (a fabulous bird).

VOX, voice.

F. crux, cross; nux, walnut-trec. M. tradux, layer (of vine) C. dux, leader, guide.

dc

-x

F.

йc

-ex

-ex

-ix

-ex

-OX

-unx -ūx

:

F. lux, light. M. Pollux.

M. grex, herd; Lelex (one of the Lelĕges).
M. rex, king; F. lex, law.

Adj. exlex (Acc. exlegem), outlawed.

F. strix, screech-owl; M. Ambiorix, Dumnorix.
Biturix, &c. (Keltic names).

M. rēmex, rower.

M. Allobrox, Allobrogian (Keltic tribe).
C. coniunx or coiux, wife; husband. p. 76.
F. (frūg-), fruit, produce: no Nom. S.

The Stem adds s in Nom. S., before which the Dental is excluded: aetas for (aetat-s), nox for (noct-s).

Sometimes n is excluded with t: elephas for (elephant-s).

Short I may become ě: miles for (milit-s).

1) Latin, with Greek words.*

F. anas, duck (Cic. N.D. ii. 48, anǎtum ova: var. r. anĭtum).

F. aetas, time, age; aestas, summer; calamitas, calamity; civitas, citizenship, body of citizens, city; cupiditas, desire; pietas, piety; tempestas.

season, weather, storm; voluptas, pleasure; with many other. Derivatives. See p. 108.

M. Maecenas.

M. aries, ram; pariēs, house-wall. F. abies, firtree.
M. (indigès), native (no Nom. S.).

F. seges, corn-crop; tegěs, mat.

C. interprés, interpreter.

M. aměs, pole; caespès, turf; cocles, one-eyed person; caeles, celestial; eques, horseman, on horseback; pedes, foot-soldier, on foot; fomes, fuel; gurges, whirlpool; liměs, boundary; palmes, vine-tendril; poplěs, knee; stipěs, trunk; termes, bough (cut off); traměs, cross-path ; velěs, skirmisher.

F. merges, sheaf.

C. antistes; coměs; hospĕs; miles; satellěs. See
P. 76.

Adj. ales, winged (Abl. S. ī, ě), used as Subst.
bird, (Gen. Pl. in poetry alituum for alitum);
dives, rich; praepès, fast-flying; sospes, safe;
superstes, surviving. Also Caeres, of Caere.
M. Dis, Pluto.

F. quies, rest; inquies, restlessness (only Nom. S.);
requies, repose (also declined as an E-noun, Acc.
requiem, Abl. requië). Adj. inquies, restless.
*M. lebēs, chaldron; magnēs, magnet; Crēs,
Cretan; also Names of men which have a second
form in ēs, is: Chremes, Darēs, Thalēs.
Adj. locuples, wealthy.

N. caput, head; with its compounds occiput, sin-
ciput. See p. 109. 5.

Adj. Compounds of caput in -ceps for -cipès (-cipit-s), cipit: biceps, triceps, praeceps, &c. M. nepos, grandson; *Erōs; *Aegoceros; *rhi

noceros.

F. dos, dowry. C. sacerdos, priest or priestess.
Adj. compos, possessing; impos, without power.
F. iuventus, youth; senectus, old age; salūs, weal,
safety; servitus, slavery; virtūs, virtue, valour.
Servitus admits Gen. Pl. servitutium.

Adj. intercus, under the skin.

N. lac, milk. See p. 107. M. Astyanax.
M. Arruns; Acheruns, Plaut.; Ufens; Mars,
Mavors.

M. vās, personal surety.

M. pês, foot. F. Its compound (compès), fetter, is
Fem. (with reference to catena). C. quadrupēs
(also N.). Adj. bipes, tripes, alipēs.

F. merces, hire, pay. C. heres, heir.
Adj. exheres, disinherited.

M. praes, bondsman (in money).
C. obses, hostage; praeses, president.
Adj. deses, lozy; reses, reposing.

H

pecus,

head of cattle, beast.

F. incus, anvil; palūs, marsh, pool (Livy has Gen.
Pl. paludium).

F. fraus, deceit; laus, praise.

N. cor, heart. Adj. compounds concors, discors, excors, misericors, socors, vecors, are 1-nouns.

Note. C. vat-es, seer, has the form of an Inoun; but its root is vat-, Gen. Pl. vat-um.

2) Greek Dental Stems.

N. aenigmă, riddle; emblemă, mosaic; epigrammă, epigram; poemă, poem; toreumă, embossed-work, &c. Such words are irregularly declined in the Plural: having G. Pl. -t-orum or -t-um, D. Abl. -t-is (sometimes -t-ibus), as G. Pl. emblemat-orum, D. Pl. emblemat-is. Martial has the Greek Gen. Pl. epigrammatōn.

F. Charis, a Grace.

M. Parnes, (a mountain).

M. adamas, adamant; elephas, elephant. The
Names Atlas, Calchās, Pallās (son of Mezentius in
the Aeneid), &c. have Voc. à; Atlā, Calcha,
Palla. Corybas, Corybantes (Pl.), (the priests of
Cybele).—Acc. S. -antem or -antă. Acc. Pl. -an-
tēs or -antas.

M. Simoïs, (river of Troy in the Iliad).
M. chamaeleon; Anacreon, Charon, Creon, Phae-
thon, Xenophon. Attempts were made (Plaut.
Ter. Cic.) to latinize this form by writing o for
on; Xenopho, Creo, Antipho, Ctesipho, De-
mipho. Terence inflects the three last in oni..
Names of towns: F. Opus, Trapezūs, &c. M.
Pessinūs. C. Selinus. Sometimes latinized
into 2. n. -untum, -ontum: Hydruntum (Hy-
drūs), Liv., Sipontum (Sipūs), Cic.
F. Tiryns.

F. lampas, torch (Pl. Nom. lampadčs, Ov.); Pallas,
Dryas, Maenas, Naias, &c. Acc. S. ǎ (em),
Dat. in poetry. D. Abl. Pl. -ăsi, -ăsîn in
poetry, as Troasin, Ov.

M. Arcăs, Arcadian. Pl. Nom. Arcades, Verg.
Acc. Arcadăs, Cic.

This form comprises numerous words. Some are
Appellatives; F. aegis, amystis, aspis, pyramis,
tyrannis, &c. The rest are Names:

1) Local: (a) towns: F. Aulis, Chalcis, &c.; (b) countries F. Doris, Locris, Persis, &c. (really Adjectives); (c) rivers: M. Phasis, Thybris, &c. 2) Personal: (a) F. Patronymic: Brisels, Chry

sēĭs, Colchis, Minoĭs, Nerěĭs, Titanĭs. (b) F.
Amaryllis, Bacchis, Chrysis, Lycoris, Phyllis,
Semiramis, Thais, Thetis. Classes (a), (b) take
Acc. S. -1dem or -ida generally: but some also
take-in, im: Alcestin, Isin, Irim. (c) M. Adonis,
Alexis, Anubis, Busiris, Daphnis, Osiris, Phalaris,
Paris, Thyrsis, Zeuxis. Acc. S. im in; or idem
idă.

The Voc. S. of all these stems is in : Colchi,
Phylli, Alex, Osiri.

Many fluctuate between the Cons. and I-declen-
sion tigris, tigri- or tigrid-; Thybris Thybri-
or Thybrid-.

M. tripus (rpinovs), tripod; Melampus; Oedipus.
The last name is variously declined: (1) as an
O-noun, Voc. Acc. Oedipě, Oedipum. (2) as an
A-noun, Oedipod-ēs, Acc. -in, Abl. -ē. (3) as
here; Oedip-ūs, Acc. Gen. -ŏdem or ŏdă, -ŏdis.
F. chlamys, mantle; pēlamys, tunny-fish.

M. Iapys, Pl. Iapŷdes (an Illyrian race).,

C. Mute Labial Stems.

The Stem takes s in Nom. S.

1) Latin Labial Stems (Greek marked *).

Stem.

Nom. S.

-aps

-eps

F. (daps), banquet (no Nom. S.). M. *Laelaps (name of a dog in Ovid).

C. adeps (also adips), fat; and the compounds from capio; forceps, tongs; municeps; particeps; princeps. See p. 76.

2) Greek Stems.

F. (stips), a small coin, dole.

M. auceps, fowler; manceps (both from capio).
F. (ops), help (no Nom. S.).

*M. Pelops; *Aethiops, Ethiopian.

Adj. inops, resourceless, Abl. S. inopi.

M. hydrops, dropsy; Cyclops: (Acc. S. em, a, Pl. ǎs).

M. gryps, griffin.

M. Arabs (Araps).
M. Chalybs.

D. Nasal Stems.

There is only one m-stem, hiem-p-s; which takes in Nom. S., inserting euphonic p, according to the best authorities. takes s in one Latin word only, sangui-s for sanguin-s: it remains the Nom. Ending in all Neuter, and many Masc. words: in all Fem. and some Masc. words n is dropt, and the Nom. Ending becomes o; but in Neuter and some Masc. Nouns in- becomes ĕn.