Examples. In Sanskrit, c' (soft ch) and s' often represent k, c; s'v may represent kv, qu; sometimes Lat. p, , T, represent a guttural; Sk. j represents g. See pp. 59-61. (4) Of the Consonant trills r, 1, so often interchanged (p. 64), r must be considered the earlier. (5) Sanskrit words beginning with h have lost an initial which preceded it. (6) The vocalized r-trill is expressed in Sanskrit by the vowel ṛi (ṛî), but this in Latin and Greek is usually represented by ar, er, or. Even in Sk. ar is the earlier form, and Professor Cowell has pointed out to me (since this Grammar was reprinted) that the great Sanskrit Dictionary, now being published at St. Petersburgh by the Russian Government, rejects ri from verb-roots, and receives ar as the true form, though the ri-form is that which Indian scholars use. Terminal diphthongs are also rejected. The words of the editors are: Wir haben aus den Verbal-würzeln die Vocale ri, rî und li vollständig verbannt; desgleichen die Diphthonge vom Auslaut derselben; ri im Auslaut von Nominalthemen haben wir durch ar ersetzt.' Hence they write bhar not bhri, kart not krit, pitar not pitṛi, da not 'de' or 'do.' The following instances may suffice to illustrate the principles stated; the suggested primitive form being placed in the fourth column: Raghu-s is a derivative of the verb-root ranh, or ran-gh, to move fleetly. Exemplifying these principles further from other roots and words cited in P. 554, we are led to infer that the following, among others, are the primitive forms: ag drive; ap acquire; krŭ hear; kăr make; dhă, place; dă give; dīk shew; bhăr bring; bhŭ be; găn produce; măn think; mă measure; măr fade, die; săd sit; săk follow; står strew; stă stand; stăg cover; tăn stretch; vas clothe; ghans goose; kvăn dog; dvăr door; ǎvis sheep, &c. Many of these forms will be seen to differ in some respect or other from the Sanskrit, while others agree, as man, sad, tan, vas, avis, &c. The only two which agree exactly with Greek or Latin are ag, ap. Thus it is shewn how primitive forms are deduced with probability from a comparison of kindred languages. An instructive example may be added: the derivative word Sk. s'ravas, Gr. Kλéos, L. laus. The root is (Prim. kru) Sk. s'ru, Gr. «Av-, L. clu hear. The derived forms may be compared letter by letter: (a) in Sanskrit: the primitive k passes (as often) into s'; r remaius; ǎv from u is a constant formation; as is a Noun-ending. (b) in Greek: k remains in ; the rough liquid r passes into the soft A; av is weakened into ef, and the F (=v) is lost in later Greek; os n. is the weakened ending for ǎs n. (c) in Latin: k falls off (p. 44); r passes into 1, av is vocalized into au ; and as the ending us is hereby precluded, a suffix d is brought in, and the nom. lau-d-s (=laus) is formed, which, by Latin analogy, becomes Fem. A similar word is hravas (clearly for dhravas from root dhvṛi, or dhurv, 'to bend' or 'make crooked') = Latin fraus; fr corresponding to dhr, the rest as in s'ravas and laus. The following is a list of Sanskrit roots corresponding to most of those cited on pages 14-17: The roots duc- lead, nu- nod, fid- trust, ac sharpen, sa- sow, mar- glitter, are not represented in Sanskrit. We find push, nurture, and putra a son in Sanskrit, with which L. puer and its cognates are probably connected. Sanskrit has the Adjective rudh-ira red, but not the verb rudh to be red; yet to such a root we must refer the words ruber, rufus, è-pve-pós, &c. The Latin verbs luo, lavo to wash, and f-luo to flow, are probably related to Sk. plu to float. To break is in Sk. bhanj If this is the root of Gr. Fpay, L. frang-, it has developed r in those languages. L. sero, connect, may be from the Causal of Sk. sri sar, to proceed. That Sk. sarva, all, is of the same family as the Latin words of solidity, salus, solum, sollus, sōlus, sollers, &c., appears certain: and they are referred by some to the root sri sar. Sk. svar, the sun, may indicate a verb-root svar or sur, to shine: but such root is not extant. II. 'Relations in the Simple Sentence, §§ 103-105, pp. 352-8.' In the belief that the meaning of these sections will be most clearly shewn by the analysis of a passage according to the principles laid down in them, the first Ode of Horace (C. i. 1.) is chosen for that purpose. Horace, presenting three Books of Carmina to his illustrious friend Maecenas in the year B.C. 19, U.C. 735, places this Ode first by way of dedication. The outline of what he says is this: 'O Maecenas, my beloved protector, various are the delights of men. Some who, like the Greeks, love excitement, display and barren honour, are glad to win the great Olympian chariot-race. Romans having large landed property are overjoyed, one, if the popular vote exalts him to the three offices of state; another, if he is enabled to acquire unrivalled wealth. The yeoman farmer would not be tempted by the riches of Attalus to forsake the tillage of his hereditary fields. The merchant captain, amidst the perils of shipwreck, may regret his native village; but let him return there, and restless greed soon drives him back to sea. The Epicurean quaffs his wine, and takes life easily from day to day. The soldier is all for camps and battles; the huntsman for the hardships of the chase. As for me at Rome I enjoy, as a learned man, the society of the great; elsewhere, the haunted forest and the favour of the Muses. But if, after reading what I now send, you rank me among lyric poets, I shall reach the very zenith of delight.' Maecenas atavis edite regibus, o et praesidium et dulce decus meum, The following Syntactic Analysis is thus arranged : 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 In the Predicative Relation (I) both related words, Nominat ve and Verb, are placed together. In II-VII, one word is stated; and hat to which it is related by agreement or government is added within bickets, sometimes by its initial only, but so as not to be mistaken. With Annexed words (VIII) the Conjunction, if any, is given, the related words following. Words to be mentally supplied are in italic type. Numerals by § or fage refer to the Rules, as given in the Syntax or Uses of Words. I. Predicative Relation. (§ 108. Concord I. § 115.) 3. Sunt homines (§ 114. 2, § 206. note). 4. collegisse iuvat (§ 177-8). 6. illud evehit si, &c. (when si nearly-quod, the Protasis forms a Substantival Clause which may be, as here, the Subject of the Apodosis).' 7-8. turba certat. 9. ille condidit. 10. quidquid verritur. 13. tu dimoveas. 14. ille secet. 16-17. mercator laudat. 17. ille reficit. 19. est homo. 19-21. qui spernit. 23. castra iuvant. 25. venator manet. 27. cerva visa-est. 28. aper rupit. 29. hederae miscent. 30-2. nemus chorique secernunt (§ 112). 33. Euterpe cohibet. 33-4. Polyhymnia refugit. 35. tu inseris. 36. ego feriam (p. 35o, § 109). II. Qualitative. (1) Attribution (§ 108. Concord II.). a. As Epithet (p. 354). 2. Meum dulce (d.). 3. Olympicum (p.). 4. fervidis (r.). 5. nobilis (p.). 7. hunc (dominum, see note). 7. mobilium (Q.). 8. tergeminis (h.). 9. proprio (h.). 10. Libycis (a.). II. patrios (agr.). 12. Attalicis (c.). 13. Cypria (t.). 14. pavidus (n.). Myrtoum (m.). 15. Icariis (f.). 17. sui (o.). 18. quassas (r.). 19. veteris Massici (vini). 20. solido (die). 21. viridi (a.). 22. lene (c.). sacrae (a.). 23. multos (homines). 25. frigido (I.). 26. tenerae (c.). 27. fidelibus (c.). 28. Marsus (a.). teretes (p.). 29. doctarum (f.). 30. superis (dis). gelidum (n.). 31. leves (c.). 34. Lesboum (b.). 35. lyricis (v.). 36. sublimi (v.). B. As Enthesis (p. 354. See also § 237-9). = II. 1. Edite (M. = qui editus es). 5. evitata (m. quae evitata est). gaudentem (virum = qui gaudeat). 15. luctantem (A. dum luctatur or qui luctetur). 16. metuens (merc. = cum metuit). 18. indocilis (merc. = quia indocilis est). 22. stratus (qui cum straverit, having stretched). 24. permixtus (s.). 25. detestata (b.). 26. immemor (v.). (2) Apposition (§ 108. Concord III.). a. As Epithet (p. 354). 1. Regibus (atavis, which is the principal noun here: royal ancestors). B. As Enthesis (p. 354). 2. Praesidium (M. = qui es praesidium . . . meum). 15. nauta (ille= factus nauta). 29. praemia (h. - quae sunt praemia). = III. Objective. Nearer Object. (§ 120-1. See § 237.) 3. Quos (iuvat). 3. pulverem (coll.). 6. dominos (evehit, see note). 7. hunc (evehit, see note). 8. eum (tollere). 9-10. frumentum (condidit). II. virum (dimov.). 12. agros (f.). 14. mare (s.). 15. Africum (met.). 16. otium (laud.). 17. rates (r.). pauperiem (pati). 19. pocula (sp.). 20. partem (dem.). 21. membra (stratus, § 122. 6). 23. homines (iuv.). 28. plagas (r.). 29. me (misc.). 30. me (sec.). 32. tibias (c.). 33. barbiton (t.). 35. me (i.). 36. sidera (f.). IV. Receptive (§ 132-3, &c. See § 237). 15. Fluctibus (1. § 135. b. c.). 23. lituo (p. § 135. b.). 24. matribus (d. § 141. 7). 27. catulis (v. § 134. 1). 30. dis (misc. § 135. b.). 35. vatibus (i. p. 385). V. Circumstantive. (§ 143, &c. Ablative: Adverbs: Prepositions.) 1. Atavis (ed. § 159). 3. curriculo (coll. § 145). 5. rotis (evit. § 145, or § 151). 6. ad deos (eveh. 70. 1.). 8. honoribus (tollere, § 151). 9. horreo (c. § 155. 2.). 10. de areis (§ 71, p. 300). 11. sarculo (f. § 145). 12. condicionibus (dim. § 145). 13. numquam (d.). 14. trabe (s. § 145). 17. mox (r.). 20. de die (§ 71, p. 300). 21-2. nunc-nunc (str. p. 317). sub arbuto (str. § 71, p. 306). ad caput (str. § 70. 1.). 25. Sub love (m. § 71, p. 306). 31. cum satyris (ch. § 71. IV.). 32. populo (sec. § 158). 36. vertice (f. § 145). VI. Proprietive (§ 162, &c.). 23. 6. Terrarum (dom. § 174). 7. Quiritium (t. § 166). 16. § 165). 19. vini (pocula, § 166). 22. aquae (c. § 165). 165). 26. coniugis (i. § 174, 2. 7.). 29. frontium (p. § 165). pharum (ch. § 166). VII. Prolative (§ 180). 8. Tollere (c.). oppidi (r. tubae (s. § 31. nym 11. findere (g.). 18. pati (indocilis). 34. tendere (r.). VIII. Annexive (§ 188). 2. Et decus (praesidium). 4-5. metaque palmaque (collegisse). 9. illum (hunc). 17. et rura (otium). 20. nec demere (pocula). 23-4. et sonitus bellaque (castra). 31. chorique (nemus). (A) Vocative (§ 118) Interjections (§ 104) and Conjunctions. 1. Maecenas (§ 104, § 118). 2. O (§ 104. 118) et (§ 77. 3). 7-9. si-si (see note). 13. ut ('so that he, &c.' § 205: or, if to dimoveas be given the sense of persuading, 'ut secet 'may be referred to § 197). 20-1. nec-nec (8 77. 3). 27-8. seu-seu (§ 221). 32-3. si neque-nec (§ 77. 3.) (B) Relative Construction (§ 108. Concord IV. § 105). 3. Quos (agrees with antecedent homines, § 108. case is governed by iuvat, § 121). 10. quidquid (omne frumentum is suppressed antec. On Case, see I.) 19. qui (agrees with antecedent homo: is nom. subject of spernit). 35. quod si, but if (=as to which, if, &c. See § 82. 6). [Notes. 1. 5. A full stop is placed after 'nobilis,' and no stop after 'deos' in l. 6, with Macleane and Munro. Horace would tolerate nowhere, much less in the opening lines of his First Ode, such a construction as ‘hunc-illum 'dependent on ‘iuvat' or 'evehit' supplied from a previous and specially distinct sentence. 'Nobilis' forms a beautiful ending to the sentence sunt quos,' &c.; and 'evehit,' having for its subjects the two clauses 'si mobilium,' &c., 'si proprio,' &c., is an exquisite, though not frequent construction. As to 'terrarum dominos,' opinions will probably be divided between making it an apposition to 'deos' and taking it as object of 'evehit,' in the sense of Roman landlords.'. The latter explanation, supported by Lucan's 'terrarum dominos,' Phars. viii. 208, which Orelli cites, is here preferred. 21. 29, &c. The reading 'te,' which some suggest for the first me,' is tempting, because Maecenas was learned: see C. iii. 8. 4. But perhaps Horace in these lines speaks of his own two modes of life, both delightful : one, which, as a scholar favoured by the great (di superi, .e. Augustus," perhaps including Maecenas: see C. iii. 3, 11.-5, 2. iv. 5, 33), he enjoyed at Rome; the other, in his Sabine villa near Tibur. See iv. 3, the most exquisite of all his poems, where he expresses similar feelings in another form, and exults in having gained that which in the present ode he declares to be the summit of his hopes to be called Romanae fidicen lyrae.'] |