It is avoided in the compounds of iacio by casting out one 1, and allowing to the other the power of ji. See pp. 10, 38. Peior is perhaps by dissimilation for pid-ior (compare pid, 'injure') In the Pronouns Is, idem, the forms fi, fis were avoided by writing či, čis but fi, fis were tolerated in Imperial times. 3) 0-0 was tolerated in I. L. But co-opia becomes copia; and coptato is in the Lex Iulia for co-optato. M. Lucr. v. 34. xxiv. Vowelweakening in the Second Member Vowel of Compound Words. Composition of words forms either loose or fast Compounds. If the two members are so joined that, although the first is proclitically connected with the second, nevertheless they can be separated, the compound is loose. Thus Márs-pater is a loose compound; but becoming Máspiter, it is fast; because the parts are inseparable. In old language compounds are often found in a state of separation: M. Lucr. i. 452. weakening in Compounds. Such compounds as satisfacere, circumdare, &c., may be considered loose; while proficere, tradere, &c. are fast. The fast Compounds hitherto cited, Maspiter, proficere, tradere, weaken the root-vowel of the second member. But this weakening, though of frequent occurrence, is not universal in fast Compounds. Thus attraho, though a fast Compound, is not weakened. We have now to see what compound words do weaken the second member of the composition. 1. a) Numerous words keep their root-vowel a unweakened in the second member of their compounds; such are most Verbs of Conj. 1. : agitare, amare, gravare, vagari; many of Conj. 2. : ardere, iacere, manēre, pallēre, patēre, pavēre, many Nouns : animus, avus, faber, palma, par. Some words, as will be seen, weaken a part of their compounds, but not all: from mandare, commendo, but demando. Likewise some compounds are not weakened in earlier Latin which are weakened later: M. Lucr. ii. 951, 1135. aspargere, dispargere (Lucr.); afterwards aspergere, dispergere. b) A is weakened (through o) into u in the second member of some compounds : saltum. . de-sultum : as- dis- ex- in- prae- pro- sub-sultum. Note. Salire anciently was weakened by u, dissuluit (Lucr.); but later it took 1 by assimilation: de-silio. Note. concutio, de- dis- in- per- suc-cutio -cussi ... decussis: nonussis centussis. : (from Pr. a) is weakened into u in consul, exsul, praesŭl, insŭla, consŭlo. Long a is weakened into ū in the suffix -ugo (-āgo) : aerūgo, albugo, ferrūgo, lanūgo. c) A is weakened into ě in the second member of many compounds : aggredior annus ... con- de- di- e- in- prae- pro- transre-gredior: aggressus .... illecebrae, illectus, paelex. depĕcisci (or depăc-): but compacisci. perpètior, perpessus. defětigo (or defăt-). defetisci, defessus. addère, de- e- pro- red- tra-dĕre .... abdĕre, con- abscon- in- sub- cre- ven-děre. (impěro ...; paupĕr ..., propěro, aequipĕro, vitupero ....) but apparo, com- prae- rẽ- sữ-păro. comperio, reperio: (apěrio, opěrio?) puerpera, vipěra ..... . peregre (i), peregrinus; but peragrare. inermis. coerceo, exerceo .... iners, sollers, quinquertium. remex. biennis, biennium, tri- dec-ennis -ennium .... aptus. . ineptus; adeptus. particeps, princeps fallere fassus farcire jăcere iactus lactare. mandare auceps, manceps.. .... acceptus, con- de- ex- in- prae- re- sus-ceptus.... anceps, biceps, triceps, centiceps, praeceps... discerpere, con- de- ex-cerpere. affectus... con- de- ef- in- prae- re- suf-fectus : but labefactus... with many more. refello. confessus, dif- pro-fessus. confercio, confertus, infercio, refercio, refertus. adiectus, con- de- dis- in- ob- re- sub-icctus commendo, but demando. pandere dispendo, dispessus (but expando). comperco, compesco, dispesco (but com-parsit). compertus, repertus (apertus, opertus). patrare. impetro, perpetro. sacrare. consecro, ob- ex- re-secro (consacro, Mon. Anc.). scandere ascendo, conscendo, de- ex-scendo. spargere aspergo, con- di- in- re-spergo. See p. 35. antistes, superstes (-stĭt-). contrecto, de- ob-trecto; but retracto (contracto, Lucr.). Note. o (Pr. a) is weakened into e in halare.. anhelo (redhālo, Lucr. vi. 523). d) ▲ is weakened (through e) to 1 in the second member of many compounds : adīgo, ab- ex-red- sub-Igo (but circumǎgo, perăgo, satago), nav-lg-o. Part. P. -actus. adipiscor, indipiscor. accido, con- de- ex- in- oc- re-cido ... deciduus, occiduus, stilicidium. accino, concino, prae- pro- re- suc-cĬno, vaticinium, luscinia .... occiput, sincĭput, ancĭpit- praecăpit- . .... accipio, con- de- ex- in- per- prae- re- sus-cipio, sălire săpere stäre stǎtuere (stan-) abditus, con- e- sub- cre- ven-ditus. difficilis. superfícies. confiteor, dif- pro-fiteor, infitiae, infftior. adhibeo, co- ex- in- per- pro- red-hibeo; but post-hǎbeo. adício, ab- con- e- pro- re- in- ob- sub-Icio. On forms in MSS. with e, and on dissice, see M. Lucr. ii. 951. allício, e- il- pel-licio. comminus, eminus. enim, etenim. Iuppiter, Diespĭter, Maspĭter. displiceo but perplăceo. abripio, arripio, cor- de-di- e- prae- pro- sur-rĭpio. irritus. adsilio, de- ex- in- pro- re- sub-silio. desĭpio, insipiens; resĭpisco. institor, iustitium, solstitium. constituo, de- in- prae- pro- re- sub-stĭtuo. destino, obstino, praestino, obstinatus. frangere effringo, in- con- per- re-fringo. Part. P. -fractus. pangere compingo, impingo. Part. P. -pactus. tangere. attingo, con- per-tingo. Part. P. -tactus. hospita, sospita, hospitium .... Long a is weakened into ī in the suffix -īgo (-ago) : fulīgo, robigo, uligo, &c. 2. a) E is kept in the second member of many compounds: čdo, fremo, gemo, meto, peto, seco, sequor, tremo, tego, veho, venio, gen-, ped- ; and those with er, fero, gero, sero, tero. b) is weakened into ĭ in the second member of several com colligo, de- di- e- se-ligo. But intellego, neglego, sublěgo. Also perlěgo, prae- re-lego from legere, to read. dimidius. comprimo, de- im- op- re- sup-primo. arrigo, cor- de- e-rigo. assídeo, con- de- dis- in- ob- prae- re- sub-sideo; assiduus, praesidium, subsidium. In close syllables compounds resume e : ademptus, collectus, compressus, directus, consessus, retentus. 3.0 is kept in the second member of compounds generally: convoco, abrōdo. But 4. U is kept in the second member of compounds: ac- incubo, eluceo; except that ū is weakened into ĕ in iūrare.. de-iĕro, pe-iĕro. 5. The diphthong ae is often kept, as exaestuo, obaeratus; but melts into i in caedere. existimo. abscido, accido, con- de- in- oc- prae- suc- re-cido, homicidium, parricida laedere. allido, col- il-lido. .... quaerere acquiro, anquiro, con- dis- in- per- re-quīro, inquï 6. The diphthong oe (01) sinks to ǎ in coenum1. inquinare, coinquinare. In E. L. it sank to u in ludere, ūti, mūnus, mūnio, pūnio, etc., and their compounds. See xii. 7. The diphthong au is generally kept: inauro, adaugeo: but it sinks to ō in accuso, íncuso, recuso; (frustra, frustrare) defrudare: see M. Lucr. vi. 187. concludo, dis- ex- in- oc- prae- re-clūdo; claudere and to oe in audire.. oboedire. Note. The other Italian dialects exhibit the same general laws of Vowelchange as the Latin. 'Obscenus (obscoenus) is usually derived from ccenum. This, however, is by no means certain. |