106 3) Sometimes the former is omitted in poetry: 'Sic tibi dent nymphae quae levet unda sitim,' so may the nymphs give thee what water may assuage thirst (i.e. undam quae unda), Ov. 4) Sometimes both: 'Sunt quibus in satira videor nimis acer,' there are some to whom I seem too keen in satire (i. e. homines quibus hominibus), Hor. b) The following scheme illustrates this principle. 1) Vir quem virum vides rex est (full form). 3) 4) quem . . . . vides rex est. c) Any Noun-term may be the Antecedent to a Relative. vi. Rules for the Conversion of an Active into a Passive Sentence. 1) The Nominative of an Agent becomes Ablative (if expressed) with the Preposition a, ab : Act. Nos currimus, Pass. A nobis curritur,} Or the Person may be suppressed: we run. Act. Sic imus ad astra, thus we go to the stars. Pass. Sic itur ad astra, Obs. The Ablative of the Agent may also be used with the QuasiPassive Verbs fio, vapulo, veneo: Haec a legionibus fiebant, these things were being done by the legions. Testis a reo vapulavit, the witness was beaten by the defendant. Nolim ab hoste venire, I would not be sold by an enemy. 2) The Nominative of an Instrument becomes Ablative without Preposition : Act. Flores caput ornant, Pass. Floribus caput ornatur, }flowers adorn the head. 3) The Object of a Transitive Verb becomes the Subject: Act. Deus mundum creavit, } God made the world. Pass. A Deo mundus creatus est, 4) If there are two Objects (Person and Thing) the Accusative of the Thing remains: Act. Rogas me sententiam, you ask me my opinion. 5) Factive construction becomes Copulative: A. Clodium plebs tribunum creavit, the plebeians elected Clodius tribune. 6) Other Cases remain, and Intransitive Verbs become Imper Act. Mihi isti nocere non possunt, } Pass. Mihi ab istis noceri non potest, they cannot hurt me. Note. On the Construction of Impersonal Verbs see § 50. CHAPTER III. CONSTRUCTIONS OF THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. These fall into three Sections. I. Agreement. II. Case-construction. III. Verb-construction, so far as concerns the Simple Sentence. SECTION I. AGREEMENT. 107 108 AGREEMENT, in Syntax, is the assimilation of the Agreeform of one word to that of another. i. The Four Concords. There are four Rules of Agreement, called CONCORDS: namely, Concord I.-A Finite Verb agrees with its SubjectNominative in Number and Person. Examples: 'Ego doceo; nos docemus.' 'Tu disces; vos discetis.' 'Magister hortetur; magistri hortentur.' 'Vivere est cogitare.' 'Omnia sunt recte.' Quod venisti gratum est.' Concord II. - An Adjective agrees in Gender, Number, and Case with that to which it is in Attribution. Concord III.-A Substantive agrees in Case with that to which it is in Apposition. Obs.-Concords II. and III. are true for every various position of the Attribute or Apposite-whether they are Épithets, as in the ment. examples marked (1) of the two lists which follow: Entheses, as in those marked (2); Adverbial, as in those marked (3); or Complements, as in those marked (4) and (5). Examples. II. (1) Vir bonus ille bonam hanc uxorem habet, that good man has this good wife. (2) hirundo pullis suis orbata queritur, the swallow bereft of its young complains. (3) quis vita male acta felix moritur? who, after a life illspent, dies happy? (4) cari sunt parentes; cara est patria, dear are parents; dear is country. (5) pueri discendo fiunt docti, boys by learning become learned. (6) haec est nobilis illa ad Trasimenum pugna, this is that renowned battle at Lake Trasimenus. (7) quid sit futurum cras incertum est, what will happen to-morrow is uncertain. (8) malim pueros esse quam videri bonos, I would rather boys should be, than seem, good. (9) tacere aliquando utile putamus, to be silent at times we deem expedient. (10) scire tuum nihil est, your knowledge is nothing. Obs.-In (7) 'incertum' agrees with the Clause 'quid sit futurum cras.' In (8) bonos' (Oblique Complement) agrees with 'pueros,' which is Oblique Subject of each Infinitive. Hence it is seen that Copulative Verbs, Finite or Infinite, have the same case of agreeing words after as before them. Example (9) is of the same kind, for esse might be supplied to utile. See III. (6). III. (1) Nos pueri patrem Lollium imitabimur, we boys will imitate our father Lollius. (2) effodiuntur opes, irritamenta malorum, riches are dug out, incentives of evil. (3) Cicero legem Maniliam praetor suasit, Cicero recom mended the Manilian law when praetor. (4) spes est expectatio boni, hope is the expectation of good. (5) syllaba longa brevi subiecta vocatur iambus, a long syllable following a short one is called iambus. (6) Athenas omnium doctrinarum inventrices esse credimus, we believe Athens to be the inventress of all sciences. (7) cogita oratorem institui, rem arduam, reflect that an orator is being formed, a difficult business. (8) Tungri sunt Galliae civitas, the Tungri are a state of Gaul. Obs.-In (7) rem is in Apposition to the Clause 'oratorem institui.' Concord IV.-The Relative Pronoun Qui, quae, quod, agrees with its Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person; but in Case it follows the construction of its own clause. See § 105. 1. Tu, filia, quae nos amas, oboedies nobis, qui te 2. Deum veneramur, qui nos creavit, we worship God 3. adsum quem quaeritis, I am present whom ye seek. 4. habeo quibuscum colloquar, I have some to talk with. 6. nos, id quod debent, virtutes delectant, virtues delight Obs. In 3, the Antecedent is ego, in 4, aliquos, understood; in 5, the Principal sentence is the Antecedent: in 6, id is in apposition to the sentence 'nos virtutes delectant.' (Id quod = ut.) ii. Ellipsis of the Subject. 1) Pronoun Subjects (ego, nos, tu, vos, is, ei) are omitted, unless required for emphasis: Si vales bene est, ego valeo,' if you are well, I rejoice; I am well, C. Fam. xiii. 6. Odi profanum volgus et arceo,' I hate and keep aloof the profane vulgar, Hor. C. iii. I. I. 'Poscimur,' we are required, Hor. C. i. 32. 1. 2) When a Subject of the Third Person is omitted, it is generally known from the context. On the omission of homines (Fr. on, Germ. man) before aiunt, ferunt, &c., see p. 275. 'Teque ferunt irae paenituisse tuae,' and they say you have repented of your anger, Ov. A. A. ii. 592. The adverb volgo sometimes accompanies this ellipsis: 'Volgo ex oppidis gratulabantur Pompeio,' they came in crowds from the towns to congratulate Pompeius, C. T. D. i. 35. 3) Impersonal Verbs have no Substantive or Pronoun expressed as Subject. But many have a Verb-noun Infinitive: 'Ire iuvat; fugere dedecet,' &c. Many have a Clausular Subject: Oportet haec fieri:' interest ut te videam,' &c. The Subject of others is implied in the Verb itself: Pudet facti; taedet vitae; miseret hominis,' &c. also in Pluit, tonat, grandinat, &c., and in Passive Impersonals, Itur, statur, vivitur, &c. See § 50. On Ellipsis, see pp. 267, 274, 346. iii. Attraction of the Verb. 1) A Copulative Verb sometimes agrees with the Complement. 'Amantium irae amoris integratio est,' lovers quarrels are the renewal of love, Ter. An. iii. 3. 28. 'Quas geritis vestis sordida lana fuit, the clothes which ye wear were dirty wool, Ov. A. A. iii. 222. 2) This Attraction may affect Gender. 'Non omnis error stultitia est dicenda,' not every error must be called folly, C. Div. ii. 43. 'Gens_universa Veneti appellati,' the entire race were called Veneti, L. i. 1. 3) A Verb sometimes agrees with the Apposite rather than with the true Subject. Tungri Galliae civitas fontem habet insignem,' Tongres, a city of Gaul, has a remarkable fountain, Pl. N.H. xxxi. 2. iv. Synesis in the first and second Concords. See p. 269. 1) Feminine or Neuter words implying males are found with Masculine agreement: Illa furia qui. . . &c. impunitatem est assecutus,' the fury who (namely Clodius) &c., obtained impunity, C. Fam. i. 9. Milia triginta capitum dicuntur capti,' thirty thou sand prisoners are said to have been taken, L. xxvii. 16. Ubi illic est scelus, qui where is that villain who. ? Ter. An. iii. 5. Analogous to this is Livy's practice of mentioning the name of a town, and then continuing the construction as if he had mentioned the inhabitants: 'Saguntum civitas longe opulentissima ultra Iberum fuit. Oriundi a Zacyntho insula dicuntur mixtique,' &c., the city of Saguntum was by far the wealthiest beyond the Ebro: they (cives) are said to have originated from the isle of Zante, and to have been mingled, &c., L. xxi. 7. 2) Singular Collective Nouns, pars, multitudo, volgus, turba, vis, iuventus, nobilitas, plebs, &c., are used by Livy, Sallust, and the poets, with Plural Predicates, and agreement of Gender Kara σύνεσιν. 'Locros omnis multitudo abeunt,' the whole number remove to Locri, L. xxiv. 3. 'Pars perexigua, duce amisso, Romam inermes delati sunt,' a very small portion, having lost their leader, were brought unarmed to Rome, L. ii. 14. This construction is rare in Cæsar, not used by Cicero. 3) The Distributive words and phrases quisque, uterque, pars, alius... alium, alter. . . alterum, vir... virum, &c., are apparently used as Subjects to Plural Predicates, but may be explained as apposite to Plural Subjects understood: Uterque eorum exercitum e castris educunt,' they both lead out an army from the camp, Caes. B. C. iii. 30. At nostri, repentino metu perculsi, sibi quisque pro moribus consulunt; alii fugere, alii arma capere: magna pars volnerati aut occisi,' but our men, seized with a sudden panic, provided for themselves according to their several habits; some fled, others took arms: a great portion were wounded or slain, Sall. Iug. 57. 'Alius alii subsidium ferunt,' they bring support one to another, Caes. B. G. ii. 26. 'Vir virum legebant,' each man picked another, L. x. 38. 4) The Adverb partim is plurally constructed by Cicero, with Gender Kara ouvεow: 'Eorum partim in pompa partim in acie illustres esse voluerunt,' some of them chose to be brilliant in procession, some on the battle-field, C. d. Or. ii. 94. Partim e nobis |