PART II. LATIN SYNTAX. 100 Sentences. CHAPTER I. THE DOCTRINE OF SENTENCES. SPEECH in a connected series forms DISCOUrse. 1. Sentences are either AFFIRMATIVE or NEGATIVE. Psittacus loquitur, the parrot speaks. Psittacus non loquitur, the parrot does not speak. 2. Sentences are either SIMPLE or COMPOUND. 1) A SIMPLE SENTENCE is the expression of a single thought, and contains one Finite Verb: Psittacus loquitur, Psittacus non loquitur, the parrot speaks. the parrot does not speak. 2) A COMPOUND SENTENCE consists of two or more Simple Sentences forming one sentence. Of such Simple Sentences, one is the Principal Sentence, the others are Clauses. a) Psittacus hominem imitatur, itaque loquitur, b) Psittacus, quamvis hominem imitetur, non loquitur, In (a) 'Psittacus hominem imitatur' is the Principal Sentence; 'Itaque loquitur' a Coordinate Clause; that is, connected but not constructively dependent. In (6) Psittacus non loquitur' is the Principal Sentence; Quamvis hominem imitetur' a Subor dinate Clause; that is, constructively dependent. 3. Every SIMPLE SENTENCE is in one of three forms: I. ENUNTIATIO (statement): Psittacus loquitur, the parrot speaks. II. PETITIO (will-speech): Loquere, psittace, speak, parrot. Loquatur psittacus, let the parrot speak. III. INTERROGATIO (question): Quid loquitur psittacus? what does the parrot speak? 4. Each of these forms, in the Principal construction of a Com- Oratio pound Sentence, is said to be Recta (direct). If it is subordinated so as to become Subject or Object of the Principal Verb, it is called Obliqua (oblique or indirect). 1. ENUNTIATIO OBLIQUA (Indirect Statement) is mostly constructed as 'Accusative and Infinitive :' II. PETITIO OBLIQUA (Indirect Will-speech) is mostly constructed as 'Subjunctive with ut or ne:' Obs. Clauses of these three kinds are called Substantival, because they stand, like Substantives, in the relation of Subject or Object, or in Apposition. Note. As Discourse chiefly consists of Enunciations, Syntax chiefly considers Simple Sentences of this form. But its fundamental rules are equally applicable to the other two forms. Recta et Obliqua, CHAPTER II. THE SIMPLE SENTENCE. ΤΟΥ i. The Simple Sentence has two essential The members: 1) The grammatical SUBJECT; that of which the action or state is predicated or declared; 2) The grammatical' PREDICATE; that by which the action or state of the Subject is declared. 1 'Grammatical' in contradistinction to 'logical.' A Predicate in formal logic is always a Nominal term Y: every X (some X, no X) is Y. Simple Sen tence. 1) The SUBJECT must be (1) a Substantive, or that which takes the power of a Sub (4) an Adverb (5) a Verb-Noun Infinitive. a Vocable, or term cited as word or phrase merely. (7) a Substantival Clause. See Ch. I. Obs. 2) As the Verb is the Part of Speech by which action or state is declared, the PREDICATE must be a Verb; and, as action and state are predicated in Time, it must be a Finite Verb. tence contains or implies a Subject and a Finite Verb. This general truth is not overthrown by the following frequent exceptions: I. Predication is made without a Subject expressed: 1) when Pronoun Subjects are implied in the Verb. See § 39. 2) in some of the constructions called Impersonal. See § 50. II. Predication is made without a Verb expressed when the mind can be trusted to supply one. See $99. III. Predication is made by a Verb not Finite : 1) in the construction called the Historic Infinitive. See p. 332. 2) when a Participle stands for a Finite Verb, as often in poetry, and in Livy and Tacitus. See $ 99, I. Examples of such Exceptions: I. 1. Nec vēni, V. Venisti tandem, V. Quid agitur? Statur, Ter. Quidam curiosior, Simonide, Phaed. III. 1. Tum sic affari et curas his demere dictis, V. 2. Fusi hostes, L. Extemplo turbati animi, V. ii. Incomplete Predication. Some Verbs do not make a complete predication. Of these the chief is the Verb of Being, sum, esse, which is completely predicative only when it denotes mere existence. Seges est ubi Troia fuit, corn is where Troy was, Ov. Usually it is a CoPULA, coupling the Subject with another term, called the COMPLEMENT, which qualifies the Subject: the Predicate being then Copula with Complement. the corn is matura, ripe. fuit Troy was Verbs which so couple a COPULATIVE Verbs. urbs munitissima, a strongly fortified city. Subject and Complement are called Many other Verbs are (or may be) incompletely Predicative, if their predication is extended (or EXTENSIBLE) by an Infinitive (vii.). A few of these are also Copulative. Verbs of incomplete Predication are, therefore 1) Copulative, but not Extensible: (a) sum, forem, fio; and (sometimes) appareo, existo, evado, maneo, nascor; also (poetic) audio, be called; (b) many passive verbs of being called or named; appellor, vocor, nominor, nuncupor, usurpor, scribor, inscribor: being chosen or declared; creor, legor, eligor, sufficior, declaror, prodor, renuntior: being known, deemed, counted, found; cognoscor, iudicor, habeor, numeror, deprehendor, invenior, reperior. 2) Copulative and Extensible: videor (seem), dicor, memoror, censeor, credor, existimor, putor, perhibeor, arguor. 3) Extensible, but not Copulative: possum, nequeo, debeo ; volo, malo, nolo, audeo; soleo, consuesco; coepi, incipio, meditor; desino; pergo; conor, laboro; with many more: a few passive verbs, as feror, narror, nuntior, trador. See vii. and § 180, where it is said that, if the Infinitive extending any Verb is Copulative. a nominal Complement following will agree with the Subject. a. The Complement of a Copulative Verb may be (1) An Adjective agreeing with the Subject as its Attribute. (2) A Substantive agreeing with the Subject as its Apposite. (3) A Phrase: sometimes an Adverb. b. Examples of Nominative Complement after Infinitive. Socrates parens philosophiae dici potest, C. Fin. ii. 1. Aelius Stoicus esse voluit, C. Brut. 56. Cato esse quam videri bonus malebat, Sall. Cat. 54. Xanthippe, Socratis uxor, morosa admodum fuisse fertur et iurgiosa, Gell. i. 17. Oracula evanuerunt postquam homines minus creduli esse coeperunt, C: Div. ii. 57. Brevis esse laboro; obscurus fio, H. A.P.25. Animus hominis dives, non arca, appellari solet, C. Par. vi. I. Tyndaridae fratres victoriae nuntii fuisse perhibentur, C. Tusc. i. 12. Piso minor haberi est coeptus postea, C. Brut. 69. Fis anus, et tamen vis formosa videri, H. C. iv. 13.2. L. Papirius Crassus primus Papisius est vocari desitus, C. Fam. ix. 21. Cum floret, existimari potest alba viola, Pl. iv. 11; vi. 22. Atilius prudens esse in iure civili putabatur, C. Att. vi. 1.2 Add to these the important examples of Participle Perf. (passive or deponent) used as Prolative Infinitive, esse being understood: $ 99a, and p. 428, Note. The term Complement must be understood to mean 'Predicative Complement,' that is, the word or phrase which completes predication, when the Verb is Copulative. French writers employ this term to denote the Cases which complete the construction of various Verbs: but, as these are sufficiently described by other names (Object; Recipient, &c.), it is better to reserve the word Complement for that which has no other appropriate name: as the term Predicate (in its logical sense) is applicable only in a few instances. Some German writers use the term 'Nominalprädikat.' * In Oblique Oration, when the Verb becomes Infinitive, its Accusative Subject is called an Oblique Subject; and if that Verb is Copulative, its Accus. Complement is called a Oblique Complement. Thus in Puto psittacum loqui;' 'puto psittacum (esse) loquacem ;' psittacum is Oblique Subject, loquacem Oblique Complement. See § 108, p. 360. (Note on § 103.) A Phrase means a few words (sometimes a single word idiomatically used) expressing a distinct notion, but not containing predication, formal or virtual. Thus in the sentences, Vir est magni ingeni: Cæsar cum Balbo venit; hoc nobis dedecori est; we call 'magni ingeni,''cum Balbo,' and 'dedecori,' Phrases. An Enthesis means a group of words not containing a formal predication, but con vertible by a slight change of form into a Clause: ab exilio regressus; 'philosophus nobilis :''me absente.' See II. 2) p. 354. A Clause has beer explained to mean a coordinate or subordinate Simple Sentence. |