V. × V.: cale-facere (= calere facere), cale-fieri. 2) adverbially; when the parts are : P. V. bene-dicere; ne-quire; ab-ducere, and all Verbs P. x S. or P. × A.: ef-feminare: e-rudire.1 Note. Words which have two Determinative parts are called Decomposita: im-per-turbatus. On Compound Words in Latin see M. Lucr. p. 312-313. A. X V. amplificare, gratificari, &c. V.XV. These are the Compp. of Verb-roots with facio, fio. See p. 217, and on the quantity of e see Prosody. The student may usefully test the force of Verbs compounded with Prepositions by comparing, with the help of a good Dictionary, the meanings and uses of the Compounds of the oldest and most obvious Simple Verbs: such as ago, cado, caedo, cano, capio, cedo, curro, dico, do (dhâ), duco, emo, eo, facio, fero, habeo, iacio, lego, mitto, moveo, nosco, pleo, pono, porto, quaero, rego, rogo, sedeo, sto, sisto, sum, teneo, tendo, veho, venio, verto, video, voco. When compounded with Verbs: 1. Ab, a, abs (from, away) always denotes 'separation;' absum, am away; abeo, go away; aufero, take away; abstineo, refrain from, &c. Note abdico (me magistratu), resign office; abrogo (legem, &c.), repeal. Abundo, flow over, abound; abutor, use up, abuse, contain the notion of excess. 2. Ad (to, at, near) generally denotes, (1) 'approach, presence at or near;' adsum, am present; adeo, go to; advenio, come to; assideo, sit by; adsto, stand by, &c.: hence, (2)'application to:' adhibeo, apply; admoneo, admonish; afficio, affect; alloquor, address, &c.: (3) acquisition,' as accipio, receive; adipiscor, gain; arrogo, claim, &c. : (4) ‘addition,' as addo, add; adnumero, reckon with; addisco, learn besides: (5) ‘action to the full:' admiror, admire; adedo, eat up; afficio, affect; agnosco, recognise; attondeo, shear close, &c. : (6) 'response, favour, sympathy:' acclamo, cheer; adfleo, weep with; arrideo, smile on; annuo, assent: so affulgeo, shine on, &c. The Verb adimo, take away (quis te mihi casus ademit? Verg.), cannot be a true form. It is probably a vocal corruption of abemo, an ancient word cited by Festus, the sound of which would not be agreeable. Ar- was an old form of ad-, as arcesso, arbiter, arvorsum. 3. Cum, com-, con-, co- (with, together) implies, (1) ʻunion, coming, bringing, or acting together: coco, unite; concurro, run together; colligo, collect; confero, bring together; convenio, meet; convoco, call together, &c. For various purposes: (a) ‘comparison:" comparo, compono, confero, compare, &c. : (B) constraint:' cohibeo, restrain; cogo, compel, &c.: (y) 'friendly action:' colloquor, talk with; concedo, allow; confido, trust; confiteor, confess; consolor, console; corrigo, correct: (8) hostile action:' confligo, battle with; colluctor, struggle with; so coarguo, convinco, confute. (2) In some words it implies combined thought, reflection:' concipio, conceive; conicio, guess; computo, reckon up. (3) As implying a concurrence of parts or powers in action, this particle gives to many verbs the sense of completeness or intensity: cognosco, learn; conficio, complete; commoveo, disturb; compleo, fill up; corruo, fall in; consumo, waste; contendo, strive; converto, turn round: cohorresco, contremisco, shudder all over; convalesco, get well, &c. So consterno, bestrew; collino, besmear. 4 De (down, down from, from) implies, (1) 'action downward:' decido, fall down; deicio, throw down; depono, lay down: (2) 'absence, departure, removal, prevention, &c.: decedo, depart; detineo, detain; demo, take away; dehortor, dissuade; deterreo, deter; deprecor, pray against; desum, am wanting; deficio, revolt, fail, &c. ; derogo, abate (a privilege by law; see word in dictionary), &c. : (3) diminution, subtraction: depleo, empty; deperdo, lose a part. In the last word and others, as deerro, stray; decipio, deceive; deludo, delude; detero, rub off; detraho, detract, &c., the preposition carries a bad sense (deterioration). Debeo (dehibeo), owe, i.e. have a debt or minus quantity, to be subtracted: (4) ‘negation or retractation:' dedeceo, misbeseem; dedisco, Composition of Verbs with Pre posi tions. unlearn; dedoceo, unteach; despero, despair. (5) In numerous words it implies 'intensity or completeness' (compare the phrase 'de haut en bas'): deambulo, walk up and down; deamo, lave exceedingly; defleo, weep intensely; decerno, decree ; debello, finish a war; defungor, discharge; deleo, blot out, destroy; deprendo, catch; devenio, arrive; devinco, vanquish, &c. (6) Such words as dedico, dedicate; defero, offer, imply kamility in the agent. Decurro means variously run down, complete a course, or have re course. 5. Ex, e (out of) implies, (1) 'action out or from:' exeo, go out; eicio, cast out; extendo, stretch out ; eximo, take out, take away : (2) * manifest action:' edico, proclaim; exhibeo, exhibit; exhorresco, shudder visibly; exsisto, stand forth, exist : (3) ‘achievement of action:' edisco, learn by heart; efficio, effect; elaboro, work out; enumero, count up; evenio, happen; evinco, prove; existimo, form opinion, think: so effero, 1. drive wild; effemino, make womanish. Note exaudio, hear from far. 6. In (in, into, against, upon) implies, (1) 'action in, being in :' insum, am in; inambulo, walk in; incolo, inhabit; inerro, wander in : (2) 'action into :' ineo, ingredior, enter; immitto, send into, &c. : (3) ʻaction onward :'incedo, move on; impello, urge on, &c.: (4) effective action,' in many Transitive verbs: imminuo, lessen, break; impetro, obtain by prayer; impleo, fill; incendo, set on fire; inficio, infeci; instituo, informo, instruct; instruo, furnish; irrigo, water, &c. : (5) ʻaction upon, over, against,' &c., in many Trajective Verbs: illido, dash upon; impono, place on; impertior, impart ; incumbo, lean on ; immineo, impendeo, overhang; insurgo, rise against, &c. : (6) ' intensive action,' especially in Inceptive Verbs: illucesco, dawn; incalesco, grow hot; ingravesco, grow worse; intumesco, swell up, &c. Remark incipio, begin; invenio, find (come upon); invideo, envy (look on with evil eye). An ancient form of in was endo, indu (evdor), which in old Latin appears in composition with a few words: endogredi or indugredi ingredi; endoperator or induperator= imperator. So ind-igeo; ind-oles. The negative particle in- appears in the compounds ignosco, excuse, pardon, and improbo, disapprove. 7. Inter (between, among) denotes, (1) 'action between :' intercido, fall between; interpono, place between ; hence, (2) interruption : interpello, 1. address abruptly; interrogo, question; intervenio, intervene : (2) ‘hindrance, stoppage:' intercedo, forbid (by veto). intercludo, shut off; interdico, prohibit, exclude: (3) ‘concernment in :' intersum, amex gaged in, am present at; interest, it concerns. Inter has a peculiar use in the words intermorior, intereo, die; interemo, interficio, kill. See Per. Also intellego, perceive, understand. Prof. Key (Philolog. Trans.) says that the notion of 'through' is often conveyed to Compounds by inter in Lucretius: interfodio, interfugio. See M. Lucr. iv. 716. 8. Ob (en) seems to denote 'occupation of space in front:'as, obeo, go to encounter, perform, die, &c. ; obicio, cast in the way; occurro, meet; offero, offer, present. This is sometimes hostile: as, obsideo, besiege; obsto, oppose; obsum, harm; obruo, opprimo, overwhelm; oppugno, attack; obloquor, speak against: sometimes friendly: as, oboedic, obsequor, obtempero, obey. 'Persistence' is often implied by this particle: obstupesco, stand amazed; obdormisco, slumber; obsolesco, become obsolete. The use of obs is doubtful: obs-trudo in some MSS. of Plautus seems the only authority. Ostendo, show, may perhaps be a corruption of the old phrase ob os tendo, since obtendo, stretch toward, is an existing compound. Omitto, leave off, omit, cease, if for ob-mitto or om-mitto (which is phonetically possible), must be referred to the meaning of persistence.' Operio, cover, is not (as a Latin verb) compounded with ob, but may contain its root. Obs. Note the Adjj. obliquus, athwart; obscurus, dark (having oxía, Prim. sku, in front). 9. Per has the general meaning, through; percurro, run through: hence, thoroughly: perdisco, learn thoroughly. Its use (see inter) is peculiar in perco, perish, am undone (pessum eo): peremo, kill; perdo, ruin, destroy, lose, for which in older Latin appears pessum do. These uses of per, inter, may perhaps grow out of some now forgotten custom or superstition. 10. Prae (before) expresses, (1) 'priority of place or rank;' as, praeeo, go before; praeficio, place in command; praesum, am in command; praepono, prefer; praeluceo, outshine, &c. (2) 'priority of time;' as, praedico, foretell; praemoneo, forewarn; praevideo, foresee: (3) ‘action in front;' as, praecingo, gird in front; praebeo (for praehibeo), hold in front, afford; praetendo, hold out, &c. : (4) ‘passing along:' praelabor, glide by: praetexo, skirt, border. 11. Pro prod-(forth, forward, before, for) expresses, (1) 'motion or action forth, publicity: prodeo, go forth; prodo, give forth, surrender, betray; promo, take forth; profero, bring forth; provoco, call forth, challenge; proclamo, proclaim, &c. : (2) * motion or action forward:' procedo, go forward; procumbo, fall forward; promoveo, promote; propello, drive forward, &c. : (3) ‘action in front:' prohibeo, hold aloof, forbid; propugno, fight for; protego, protect; protero, trample down (a) with the notion of advantage; as, procuro, care for; proficio, prosum, profit; provenio, come on, prosper, &c. : (b) of prominence; as, promineo, jut out; propendeo, hang forward; promereo, deserve eminently: (4) 'priority' (rare): proludo, prelude; propino, pledge a health; provideo, look out, foresee. The most noticeable verbs compounded with pro are, (a) promitto, lit. send forth; which obtains the meanings let grow (hair, beard, &c.), predict, and hence its derived but most usual sense, promise: (b) prorogo, put off (to a forward time) by legal act; prorogue. 12. Sub sus- (under) may imply, (1) ‘being under:' subsum, am under, am at hand; subiaceo, lie under; submergo, dip under; subscribo, write under; subsisto, stand under; succumbo, sink under; suffulcio, prop; sustineo, sustain : (2) 'motion under:' subdo, subicio, submitto, suppono, put under; subeo, go under, undergo; subigo, bring under, subdue; suffundo, pour under: (3) ʻmotion from under:' subduco, subtraho, subveho, withdraw; submoveo, remove (from below); subverto, overthrow; (upward); sublevo, raise up; suscito, rouse up; suspendo, hang up; suspicio, look up, look up to, suspect; suspiro, sigh: (4) ‘motion in close sequence:' subsequor, follow close; succedo, come after, succeed, also means go under, be successful, &c. : (with a view to help or sup ply) subvenio, succurro, succour; sufficio, suppeto, suppleo, supply; subrogo, supply (a legal successor). Sometimes sub implies secrecy:' succenseo, am angry (in the heart): surripio, steal: sometimes slight action; subblandior, fawn a little; subirascor, am rather angry. 13. Dis- di- (ôtá) (apart, asunder) implies ‘division, severance, difference, distinction,' &c. diduco, sever; disto, stand apart, am distant; dido, spread; diffindo, cleave; dignosco, distinguo, distinguish ; differo, sunder or differ; dimitto, dismiss, discedo, depart; diribeo, dirimo, divido, divide; disrumpo, pull in pieces; discumbo, recline apart (of guests at table), &c. It is particularly used to express difference in argument, opinion, action: discepto, disputo, dissero, argue, dispute, discuss; discrepo, dissentio, dissideo, differ in sentiment, disagree; digladior, dimico, contend in combat: hence, diiudico, judge between contending sides. In some words dis- gives a negative sense: displiceo, displease; diffiteor, deny; diffido, distrust: in some it is intensive: disperdo, ruin utterly; dispereo, am utterly ruined; discrucio, torture painfully. The verb diligo, love, implies a choice between different persons. 14. The inseparable particle red- re- (back, again) conveys the two general meanings: I. 'reciprocated action:' II. 'repeated action:' but the shades of meaning are numerous, and will repay minute analysis with the aid of the dictionary. I. If AB be a straight line, with motion from A to B, then red- or re- implies 1)' recurrence from B to A :' redeo, return; recurro, run back; reduco, lead back; relabor, slide back; remitto, send back; redhibeo, repono, replace; refero, reporto, bring back; revoco, call back; reddo, give back, restore; redimo, buy back, redeem, ransom; renuntio, tell back, bring tidings; restituo, restore. Here rank compounds which express reflected light, echoed or replying sound: respondeo, answer; reluceo, shine back; reboo, remugio, rebellow; tidal reflux: refluo, redundo, flow back, &c. ; but in actions which by their nature imply recurrence, the particle loses emphasis; respiro, breathe: refulgeo, resplendeo, shine, glitter. Recaleo, become warm from being cold. 2) recurrence' from B towards A : i.e. backward action: recumbo, lean back, recline; resideo, sit back, sit down; refringo, break open; repello, drive back; remaneo, stay back, remain; remoror, retardo, retard; relinquo, leave behind; respicio, look back; retineo, hold back, &c. In some verbs, re- (back)=away: relego, send away; removeo, move away, remove: with implied care: recondo, hide away, stow: or force; revello, pluck away. To this head belongs the group of words in which the particle (against) implies resistance: rebello, war against, rebel; reclamo, cry against; redarguo, refello, refute; reluctor, struggle against; (recuso), renuo, refuse; repugno, resisto, resist. II. Repeated action' (again, anew): recognosco, examine anew; recalesco, grow warm again; revalesco, reviresco: so, reparo, repair; reficio (make again), repair, renew, refresh; renovo, renew; relevo, raise again, relieve. In refercio, cram, repleo, fill full, &c., the notion is that of repeating to excess. In recludo, retego, revelo, uncover, open, disclose; refigo, take down; resigno, unseal, re- has a force like that of de (removal). In revereor, reverence; reticeo. keep silence, it implies bashfulness: in redoleo, smell of, the idea is that of giving back to one who requires, as in renuntio. In some compounds re- gives various senses, as recipio for which see dictionary. 15. Other Compounded Particles keep their proper force, and need but short notice: (a) ante (before): anteire, to go before: (B) circum (around): circumdo, place round: (y) post (after, behind): posthabeo, postpono, place behind: (8) praeter (beside, beyond): praeterlabor, glide by; praetereo, pass beyond, pass; praetermitto, pass over, omit: (e) subter (beneath): subterlabor, glide under: in subterfugio, escape, secrecy or slyness is implied (subterfuge): (5) super (over, above): superiacio, throw over: sometimes implies excess; superfluo, flow over, overflow. Note supersum, survive, superstes, surviving (living over). Supersedeo (sit above) has the peculiar meaning, disregard, dispense with: see Ablative Case. (n) trans (across, through) is properly used of crossing a river, mountain, road, region, &c., hence tropically, of going or carrying over: transeo, cross, pass beyond: transfero, carry across, transfer; transigo, carry through, pierce, complete, transact, &c.: (0) se- sed-(apart from): seduco, draw aside: seiungo, separate; seligo, select, &c.: () amb- am- an- (around, about, àμôi): ambio, go round, canvass ; ambigo, doubt, question; anquiro, question, search. (*) the adverbs bene, male, satis, intro, retro, in a few verbs: benedico, bless; benefacio, do kindness; maledico, revile; malefacio, do harm; satisdo, satisfacio, satisfy; introeo, go in; retrogredior, retreat. Obs. 1. Many Verbs, of which the first element is a Preposition, are not Compounds in the same sense as those hitherto named, but belong to one or other of the three following classes: 1) Derivatives of Compound Adjectives or Substantives: concinno 1. arrange (concinnus); concordo 1. agree (concors); discordo 1. disagree (discors); indignor 1. am indignant (indignus); infesto 1. make dangerous (infestus); effero 1. drive wild (efferus); obliquo 1. slant (obliquus); deliro 1. am mad (delirus); commodo 1. lend (commodus); incommodo 1. inconvenience (incommodus); praecipito 1. fling headlong (praeceps); pernocto 1. pass the night (pernox); insanio 4. am mad (insanus); consulo 3. consult (consul); concilio 1. conciliate (concilium). 2) Verbs compounded of Particle and a Noun which has no derived simple verb:recordor 1. recollect (re, cor); defaeco 1. drain (de, faex); infamo 1. defame (in, fama): so diffamo 1.; effemino 1. make womanish (ex, femina); suffoco 1. choke (sub, faux); digladior 1. fight with sword (di-, gladius); illaqueo 1. ensnare (in, laqueus); enervo 1. weaken (e, nervus); enucleo 1. take out kernel (e, nucleus); impedio 4. hinder, entangle (in, pes); expedio 4. disentangle (ex, pes); irretio 4. ensnare (in, rete); derivo 1. draw off, derive (de, rivus); erudio 4. instruct (e, rudis); exstirpo 1. root out (ex, stirps); exsurdo 1. deafen (ex, surdus); contemplor 1. gaze at, observe (cum, templum augural division of sky); praevaricor 1. act dishonestly, deceive (prae, varus); convaso 1. pack up (cum, vas); exubero 1. abound (ex, uber). 3) Compounds of lost or obsolete Verb-stems : ad-ul-or 1. flatter (or- ?); amb-йl-0 1. walk; im-bu-0 3. dye, steep; com-bur-0. 3. burn: in-coh-o 1. begin; oc-cül-0 3. hide; in-du-0 3. put on; ex-u-o (for ex-duo) 3. put off; defend-0 3. ; of-fend-0 3. ; re-fråg-or 1. oppose by vote; suf-fråg-or 1. vote for; con-gr8-03agree; in-gru-0 3. ; in-vit-0 1. invite; ir-rīt-o 1. provoke; pro-mulg-0 1. publish; dissip-o 1. scatter. The verbs oc-cup-o 1. anti-cip-0 1. anticipate, re-cip-er-o, re-cup-er-o 1. recover, are forms modified from cap-, take. De-stin-o, destine, ob-stin-o, keep firm, are weakened from stan-, the root sta- strengthened with suffix n, like da-n-o from da-, and Gr. 40a-v-w from 40a. Obs. 2. a) The primitive root of Growth is ar, al, which appears in Latin as ar, al, or, ol: sometimes, perhaps, as er, el, ul. It appears, (1) in alo and its derived words, altus, co-al-esco, &c.: (2) in orior and its forms: (3) in oleo, -õlesco and their com pounds adolesco, abolesco, inolesco, &c., proles (pro-oles), suboles, indoles. Probably to this root may belong many names of common quick-growing, or tall, plants; as ar-bor, ar-ista, (h) ar-undo, al-ga, al-nus, al-lium, (h)ol-us, ol-ea (ol-eum), ol-iva (ol-ivum), or-nus, er-vum, epvos, il-ex, ul-va, ul-mus: perhaps, also, ar-duus, ar-dea, Al-pis, op-os, el-ephas, and other words. It must be observed that the root of Smell, olere, has no connection with that of Growth. In the former 1 represents d, as shewn in odor (Gr. odwda), while in the latter 1=r. b) The root of Solidity appears in Latin chiefly as sol- (=Gr. òà-), shewn in the words sollus (ödos), sðlum, solidus, sollers, soll-i.citus, soleo, with its compounds ob-salesco, exolesco, insolesco, insolens. Obsolesco and exolesco have often been taken for compounds of olesco, the verb of growth; but this is a mere error of grammarians. CHAPTER VI. THE USES OF WORDS. SECTION I. i. Figurate Construction. (In this place it is convenient to describe certain variations of Construction.) ii. Ellipsis and Zeugma: Pleonasm: Attraction: Synesis. A) Ellipsis (EXλ) is the omission of one or more words which would be used if complete fullness of expression were necessary. This may be 1) When what is omitted appears from the context: 'Metuo tuam iram et patris' (iram), I dread your anger and 2) When usage or the exigence of meaning makes the omitted a) Zeugma, or the construction anò кovou, is the connexion The agreement of a Verb or Adjective with one only of several Ellipsis and Zeugma are brachylogical constructions; that is, they abbreviate discourse. (In the following Examples words bracketed in italic type are explanatory merely.) a) Where the words to be supplied are forms of another word in the sentence, the construction is Ellipsis of the first kind: 'Abi rus ergo hinc; ibi ego te (feram), tu me feres,' Ter. Haut. iv. 2. 4. 'In Hyrcania plebs publicos alit canes, optimates domesticos' (alunt), C. T. D. i. 45. Paene ille timore (corruit), ego risu corrui,' C. Qu. Fr. ii. 10. 'Caper tibi salvus et haedi' (salvi), Verg. B. vii. 9. Hic illius arma (fuere), hic currus fuit,' Verg. Ae. i. 16. Hos tibi dant calamos, en accipe, Musae, Ascraeo quos ante seni' (dedere), Verg. B. vi. 69. Nisi facient quae illos aequum est' (facere), Ter. Ad. iii. 4. 8. B) When the sense requires a different word, Ellipsis becomes Zeugma: 'Hoc tempus praecavere mihi me (iubet), non te ulcisci sinit,' Ter. And. iii. 5. 18. 'Fortuna qua illi florentissima (usi videntur), nos duriore conflictati videmur,' C. Att. x. 4. 'Alii naufragio (periisse), alii a servulis ipsius interfectum eum, scriptum reliquerunt,' Nep. Hann. viii. 'Quod arduum sibi (sumpsit), cetera legatis permisit,' Tac. A. ii. 20. Ne tenues pluviae (corrumpant) rapidive potentia solis Acrior aut Boreae penetrabile 61 Figurate Construc tion. |