Versus follows its Case; as, Urbem versus, towards the city. Other Prepositions occasionally follow their Case. 2) The following take the Ablative Case : Ab stands before vowels and ; a and often ab before consonants; Cum is attached to the Personal and Reflexive Pronouns, sometimes to the Relative as mecum, nobiscum, tecum, vobiscum, secum, quocum, or quicum, quibuscum. 3) The following take the Accusative or the Ablative : In and sub with Accusative imply motion; with Ablative, rest. Conjunctions. SECTION III. CONJUNCTIONS are of two Classes: A. Coordinative, or those which link words and sentences without affection of Mood. B. Subordinative, or those which link sentences, with affection of Mood. The following are used in Coordination as well as Subordination: quippe, si, seu, sive, nisi, etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, quamquam, quamvis, quasi, tanquam, sicut, velut, ceu. 1 A. Coordinative Conjunctions are: Annexive et, -que,' and, both, also, &c.; atque, ac, and; 2 -que -ve are enclitics, always attached to the word which they affect, or to some other in the same clause. ⚫ Quoque, autem, vero, enim (and the adverb quidem) never stand first in a clause, but usually after one or more words: autem, vero, enim, after the first word usually; quoque, quidem, after the word which they affect. 57 Con junc tions. Illative ergo, itaque, igitur, therefore. Conclusive: quare, quamobrem, quapropter, quocirca, wherefore. Comparative: ut, uti; velut, veluti; sicut, sicuti; ceu; quemadmodum; quomodo, all rendered as; atque, ac, as; quam, than, as ; quasi, tamquam, as, as it were; utpote, as being. B. Subordinative Conjunctions are: : Consecutive ut, so that; (ut non); quin, but that, that not. Final: ut, in order that; ut ne, ne (for ut ne), in order that not; utinam, O that; utinam ne, &c. ; quo, in order that; quominus, in order that not. Causal: quod, quia, because; quoniam, quando, quandoquidem, since; siquidem, inasmuch as; quom or cum, since. Temporal: quom or cum, when; ubi, quando, when; ut, when, from the time that; dum, donec, while, whilst; dum, donec, until; quoad, whilst; quoad, until; antequam, priusquam, before that; postquam, after that; simul ac, simul (omitting ac), as soon as; quotiens, as often as; and others. Conditional si, if; sin (for si-ně), but if; sive, seu, or if, whether; nisi, unless; ni, unless; si modo, si tantum, if only. or modo, tantum (omitting si); dum, dummodo, provided that, or modo (omitting dum). Concessive: etsi, etiamsi; tametsi, tamen etsi, although, even if; quamquam, utut, however; quamvis, although, lit. how you will; cum, ut, licet, although. Comparative quasi, as if (for quam si); ut si, ac si, velut si, as if; or velut (dropping si); tamquam, as though (for tamquam si); ceu, as if (dropping si). Obs. In Subordinative Conjunctions must be included All Interrogative Pronouns and Particles used obliquely : 58 Interjections. Interjections. SECTION IV. INTERJECTIONs strictly so called (interiecta, inserted in the sentence without affecting its form) express: Invocation: O, heus, oho or ohe, eia or heia; pro (proh), eho, ehodum, hark, halloa, &c. ~ Designation: en, ecce, lo! behold! Surprise: O, hem, em, ehem, babae, and the comic words au; hui; va (vah); eia; bombax; atat or attat; attate; attat tatae. Disgust: (comic) phui, aha, faugh; phy, pooh! Satiety ohe, oiei, enough! Laughter (comic) aha (haha), hahahae. Joy: O, io, eia, euge, evoe, eupoe, papae, huzza! joy! &C., and the comic words euax, eugeраe (ɛùуɛñαî). Praise: eu, euge, eia, bravo! well done! &c. Pain and Sorrow: heu, cheu, hei or ei, vae, ah or a, alas! woe! ilicet, all's up! Deprecation: pro (proh), forbid it! Call to Silence: st, hush! Several Nouns, Verbs, and Adverbs are used in exclamation or invocation, like Interjections. Such are: 1) Nouns pax, hush! malum, plague! nefas, infandum, monstrous! indignum, horrendum, miserum, miserabile, turpe. The Vocative macte, Plur. macti, is used with an Ablative or Genitive as macte esto virtute, go on and prosper. It is perhaps the Participle of a lost Verb macĕre. M. Lucr. v. 1339. 2) Verbs: quaeso, prithee! precor, oro, obsecro, pray; amabo, do, please; sis (si vis), sultis (si vultis), please: sodes (si audies?), if you'll be so good: agesis, agedum, agitedum, come now; cedo (Pl. cette), give me; apage, away, avaunt. 3) Adverbs: profecto, really; nae (or nē), truly, used with the Nominative of a Pronoun: nae ego velim...nae illi errant, &c. (a) The following expressions are elliptical: mehercule1 mecastor, ecastor edepol, pol medius fidius pro Iuppiter pro di immortales me, Hercule, iuves, so help me, Hercules. prohibeas, Iuppiter, Jove forbid. prohibeatis, di immortales: heaven forefend! (b) O, a, heu, eheu, hem, eia, en, ecce, pro are found with Accusative; hem, hei, vae, with Dative; O, a, heu, heus, eho, and others are often accompanied by a Vocative. The Vocative itself is in the nature of an Interjection, lying out of the construction of the sentence. CHAPTER V. DERIVATION AND COMPOSITION OF WORDS. SECTION I. Derivation of Nouns. i. The Suffixes used in the Flexion of Stems are shewn in the preceding Chapters. We have next to shew those by which a Stem is derived from a Root, or one Stem from another. 'Mehercle, hercle, are abridged forms. * The etymology of pro (proh) here given is not disproved by the phrase 'pro deum atque hominum fidem,' which may represent another ellipsis, prohibeatur deum atque hominum fidem violari.' That Suffix in a derived Stem, which contains the Stem-character, is the staminal Suffix. Thus in the word crudelitas, Stem cru-d-eli-tat-, tat is the staminal Suffix. It commonly happens that a word comes immediately from another, which is itself derived from a third, and so on, till a root or rudimental form is reached. Every word (including the root) is the Theme of such as are immediately derived from it. Thus, Theme of crudelitas: Adj. crudelis; Stem crudeli-. Theme of crudelis: Adj. crūdus; Stem crudo- for cru-ido-. Theme of crūdus: Root cru-, Sk. kravi, Gr. <pɛF-, raw flesh. Beginning from the Root, the order is: cru-, crů-Ido- (= cru-du-s), cru-Id-ēli- (= cru-d-eli-s), cru-Id-cli-tät(= crū-d-ēli-ta-s). Here the suffixes are ĭdo (ĭd-), ēlī, tāt; to each of which the endings is joined to form the Nominative Case. The words of such a series may form branch-lines of derivation by other suffixes. Thus from cru- come cru-or, gore, cru-entu-s, gory; from this the Verb cru-ent-a-re: from crudus come cru-d-i-ta-s and cru-d-esc-ere: from crudelis the Adv. cru-d-eli-ter: crudelitas merely forms its own Cases. ii. Root or Rudiment. The determination of Roots, though greatly assisted by Comparative Philology, is a work of vast labour and difficulty, demanding the nicest conjectural criticism, and often baffling all conjecture. Very many roots are indeed determined beyond question; ès, i, to go, I, that, dă, stă, ǎg, ǎp, &c. : others are open to doubt; căp (see p. 190): while in fac, which heads, perhaps, the largest group of Latin words, c is now held to be a suffix, added to the root fă = Sk. bhâ, Gr. pa-, to give light, under which stand new groups, including fax, facies, fateor, fari, fas, &c., with their derivatives. Hence it is often safer, in deriving words, to call their ultimate form a rudiment rather than a root. iii. Suffix. The derivation, and distribution of Latin Suffixes, with their meaning, when they have .one, are a special topic too wide to be fully treated here. The Syllabus which follows, with the subjoined examples, will supply considerable information. It adopts Düntzer's method (Lat. Wortbildung und Composition), though not his order; corrected throughout by reference to the views of Schleicher (Compend. §§ 215-231) and Corssen (Ausspr. I. 566, &c.). Bopp, Leo Meyer, and Fick's Lexicon have also been consulted. Suffixes are simple or compound: but the parts of a compound suffix often cohere so regularly in a class of words, that, having been once shewn as compound, it may be cited without inconvenience as if it were simple. Such are tudon, mento, cundo, bundo, &c. iv. Rudimental Words. Rudimental words are such as append their Case-endings to the real or seeming Root, unstrengthened or strengthened. Such are a) gru-s, su-s; re-s; bov- (bos), Iov-; crux, dux, nex, nux, pix, prec-, dic-, grex, pes, vas (văd-), adips, caelebs, dap-, op-, stip-, with many compound words, aus pex, haruspex, obex, index, iudex, artifex, tradux, coiux, manceps, princeps, praeses, praepes, crassipes, &c. b) lux, pax, vox, lex, rex, &c. c) sal, sol, lar, par, ver, ius, crus, tus, rus, spes, mos, ros, flos, os (or-): also farr- (far), fell- (fel), melt- (mel), ost(os, bone), cord- (cor). v. Syllabus of Suffixes (with examples at the foot). In the List of Suffixes and their Examples the abbreviations used are : S. Substantive. A. Adjective. V. Verbalia (words derived from Verbs). D. Denominativa (words derived from Nouns). Unc. (uncertain) implies that root or roots are unknown. &c. placed after Examples cited, indicate that many others exist of the same class, and that in some instances the number is very large. Every Suffix ending in ŏ must be taken as including the forms us, ă, um; that is, A-nouns as well as O-nouns. I. Vowels and v.1 Of Vowel Suffixes (besides the characters ǎ, ŏ, I, ŭ, e), the most important is to, including, as it does, a large class of Abstract Substantives in lă, ĭum, and of Possessive Adjectives in fus. a) Masc. V. scrib-a, adven-a, incol-a, terrigen-a, &c. B) V. merg-us, cormorant; tor-us, couch; fug-a, flight; talp-a, mole; pronub-a, bridesmaid; iŭg-um, yoke, &c. &c. D. nimb-us, cloud; nerv-us; taur-us; lup-us; ōr-a, const; săl-um, brine, &c. ) V. fid-es, effig-ies, spec-ies, &c. D. pauper-ies . . . 8) V. ac-us, D. nur-us. ) V. arx, falx, nix, ap-is, rūp-es, &c. D. nox, nûb-es, măr-e, &c. Mostly D. calc-eus, shoe; trab-ea, striped robe; flamm-eum, bridal veil, &c. V. ul-ea, olive. 7) A few Masc. V. lud-ius, player. D. sim-ius, ape. A large number of Fem. D. av-ia, grandmother; and abstracts of Quality: audac-ia, boldness; ignav-ia, sloth; victor-ia, victory; absent-ia, absence, &c. &c. &c. A large number are Neut. most V. denoting the Effect:' benefic-ium, benefit; conub-ium, marriage; gaud-ium, joy, &c. &c. &c. : some D. minister-ium, service; sen-ium, old age; sav-ium, kiss, &c. &c. Words like arbitr-ium, augur-ium, &c., should be ranked as V. 6) ŭŏ: D. patr-uus, uncle on father's side; ian-ua, house-door; vŏ: V. D. cer-vus; ri-vus; lar-va, mask, spectre; ar-vum, plough-land; īvŏ: ol-iva, an olive; saliva, spittle; ví: V. ci-vis. |