54 Particles.

55

Adverbs..

CHAPTER IV.

PARTICLES.

There is a close intimacy between the four classes of Particles. Prepositions are Adverbs used with Nouncases, and many can be used without case, as mere Adverbs. On the other hand, some Adverbs (as procul, simul) can take cases. Many Pronominal Particles are Adverbs when interrogative, but Conjunctions when relative. Interjections are Adverbs hanging loose on the sentence: and some resemble Prepositions by taking a Noun-case.

Adverbs.1

SECTION I.

i. The relations expressed by ADVERBS are Place; Time: Number; Order; Manner; Degree; Cause; Quality. Some Adverbs (which may be called Logical) are used for questioning, denying, affirming, or otherwise modifying the form of discourse. ii. Interrogative Adverbs refer to

1. Place:

1. ubi? where?

2. quo? whither?

3. quorsum? whitherward?

4. qua? by which way ?
quatenus? how far?

(The following List contains most of the Pronominal and Primitive Adverbs, with samples of the large classes derived from Nouns and Verbs.

The Dual Adverbs derived from uter have an asterisk.)

I. Adverbs of Place:

1. Adverbs corresponding to the questions Ubi? ubinam? Where? *Utrubi? In which place (of two)?

ibi, illic, istic, there; hic, here; hic illic, here and there: inibi, therein; ibidem, in the same place; alibi, elsewhere; alicubi, somewhere; -ubi, uspiam, any where; usquam, anywhere at all; ubiubi, ubicumque, wheresoever; ubivis, ubilibet, where you will; *utrulibet, in either place; *utrubique, in both places; *neutrubi, in neither place; ubique, usquequaque, everywhere; nusquam, # where; prope, near; procul, aloof, afar; ante, prae, in front; post, pone, behind; circa, circum, around; cis, citra, on this side; ultra, beyond; contra, over against; iuxta, iuxtim, adjoining; intra, within; extra, without; super, above: subter, beneath; supra, above; infra, below; superně, above; inferně, below; passim, here and there, everywhere; foris, abroad; peregre, in foreign parts: praesto, at hand; ruri, in the country; domi, at home; humi, on the ground; belli, militiae, at the wars; comminus, close at hand; eminus, at a distance. 2. Adverbs corresponding to the question Unde? Whence? inde, illim, illinc, istim, istine, thence; hinc, hence; hinc inde, hinc illinc, from this side and that: indidem, from same place; aliunde, from another place; alicunde, from some place; -unde, from any place; undeunde, undecumque, from whatever place undevis, undelibet, whence you will; undique, from all sides; *utrimque, from both sides; domo, from home; rure, from the country; intus, intrinsecus, from within, within; extrinsecus, without; altrinsecus, from one or other side:

II. Time:

1. quando? when?

2. quamdiu? how long?

3. quousque? to what limit?
quoad? until when?

Also quam dudum? quam pridem? how long ago?

desuper, from above; subtus, from beneath; caelitus, from heaven; divinitus, from the deity; penitus, from far within; funditus, from the base; radicitus, stirpitus, from the roots. (These last four words may mean utterly.)

3 Adverbs corresponding to the questions Quo? quonam? Whither? *Utro? To which place (of two)?

eo, illuc, illo, istuc, isto, thither; huc, hither; huc illuc, hither and thither; eodem, to the same place; alio, to another place; aliquo, somewhither; quo, quopiam, anywhither; quoquam, anywhither at all; nequoquam, nowhither; quoquo, quocumque, whithersoever; quovis, quolibet, whither you will; *utrovis, to which place you will (of two); *utroque, to both places; *neutro, to neither place; citro, to this side; ultro, to yon side, farther; ultro citroque, to and fro; intro, to within; porro, forward; retro, backward; domum, home; rus, into the country; foras, out of doors.

Ultro (root ul-s) properly means to yon side: idiomatically it gains these senses: going farther, yet farther, without instigation, of free motion.

The questions quoad? quousque? how far? are answered by usque, all the way; eo usque, that far; huc, adhuc, huc usque, thus far.

4. Adverbs corresponding to the question Quors-um(us)? Whitherward? illorsum, istorsum, thitherward; horsum, hitherward; aliorsum, to another quarter; aliquors-um(-us), to some quarter; quoquo versus, to whatever quarter; *utroque versum, to both quarters ; intrors-um(-us), inwards; sursum, upwards; deors-um, downwards; sursum deorsum, susque deque, up and down; prors-um (-us), straightforwards; rursum prorsum, backwards and forwards; retrors-um (-us), rursum(-us), rursum vorsum, backwards; seors-um(-us), apart; exadvers-us (-um), over against; dextrorsum, to the right; sinistrors-um, to the left; pessum, to ruin; incassum, to no purpose.

5. Adverbs corresponding to the question Qua? quanam? By which way? in which direction?

ea, illa, illac, that way; hac, this way; cadem, the same way; alia, another way; aliqua, some way; -quã, any way; quaquam, any way at all; quadam, a certain way; quaque, every way; quaqua, quacumque, whatever way; quavis, qualibet, any way you will; *utrāvis, *utrālibet, either way; haudquaquam, nequaquam, by no means; recta, straight on; dextra, by the right road; sinistra, by the left road. The question Quatenus? How far? is answered by

eatenus, that far, so far; hactenus, thus far; aliquatenus, to some extent; quadamtenus, to a certain extent; usquequaque, to the fullest extent.

Obs. The distinctions between the Particles ibi, illic, istic, hic; inde, illinc, istinc, hinc; eo, illuc, istuc, huc, &c., correspond to the distinctions between their Pronouns is, ille, iste, hic. In the series of time, nunc corresponds to hic, tunc to is.

The Indefinites -ubi -unde quo qua quando belong to the Indefinite Pronoun quis, qui, being chiefly used with Particles, as si-c-ubi, si-c-unde, siquo, &c., ne-c-ubi, ne-cunde, nequando, &c., where ubi, unde, resume the c of the Relative.

Uspiam, quopiam, &c., are used, like quispiam, in affirmative clauses; usquam, quoquam, &c., like quisquam, in negative or dubitative clauses.

II. Adverbs of Time:

1. Adverbs answering the question Quando? ecquando? When? tum, tunc, ibi, ibi tum, then; etiamtum, even then; nunc, now; etiamnunc or etiamnum, even now; inde, deinde, exinde, dein, exin, thereafter, next; hinc, abhinc, dehinc, henceforth, from this time; alias, at another time; -quando, at any time; aliquando, at some time; umquam, ever; numquam, never; nonnumquam, sometimes; numquam non, always; quandocumque, quandoque, at whatever time; quondam, olim, some time or other (formerly or hereafter).-Iam, now, already; iam tum, even then; iamnunc, nunciam, iamiam, et iam, even now; diu, long;

CHAPTER IV

PARTICLES.

how long ago? are answered by diu: haud dudum; haud pridem; haud

How long?

aliquamdiu, some length of time: me time; parumper, paulisper, for a aper, always; in perpetuum, for ever: uus, non iam, no longer.

... of time? are answered by usque, usqueque, so long, &c.

eral times; identidem, repeatedly; intersecond time; saepe, saepius, often; perque, generally; crebro, frequently; raro, ais, annually; semel, once; bis, twice:

Quo ordine ?

war: deinde, in the next place; tum, then, remo, in the last place; deinceps, next in tertio, in the third place, &c.; porro, w also; praeterea, besides; quin, further

ywoodonam? quemadmodum? qui? ut? How? mga yšaily, as much; item, itidem, pariter, perinde, N; Contra, contrariwise; aliter, secus,

ntum? how much?

amobrem ?

it kind of way?

Jam? How?

admodum, oppido, penitus, plane, perquam, m, very, quite; vementer, exceedingly; longe, t, very; minus, less; minime, least, not at all; ely; in primis, apprime, praecipue, praesertim, ferē, almost, generally; fermē, paeně, almost; Jum, nearly, almost; aegrē, vix, scarcely, hardly; only; saltem, at least; solum, solummodo, tantum, , in fact, at all events.

question Quantum? How much?

im, considerably; multum, much; permultum, plurimum, satis, sat, enough; abundě, affatim, plentifully; nimis, lum, little; paululum, very little; parum, little, too Primum, least, very little; quantulum, quantillum, how tillum, so little.

By how much? is answered by tanto, eo, by so much; aliulto, nimio, by a great deal; paulo, by a little; nihilo, &c. topere, How greatly? by tanto opere, so greatly; magno opere, very greatly.

use:

⚫tion Quare? cur? quamobrem? Why? wherefore?

ropterea, on that account; ergo, igitur, itaque, therefore; proin, dingly.

of Quality (chiefly formed from Adjectives: but also many :bstantives, Verbs, and Particles).

question Qualiter? In what kind of way? Examples are:

: male, ill; ritě, duly ; iucundē, pleasantly; gravatē, grudgingly; recte, : pulchrē, finely; late, widely; longe lateque, far and wide; publicē, pubsere, wretchedly; splendidē, nobly, &c. &c. &c. ; audacter, boldly; feliciter, y; fortiter, bravely; amanter, lovingly; decenter, becomingly; sapienter, ́ ́, &c. &c. &c. ; privatim, privately; raptim, hurriedly; sensim, gradually ; stealthily; paulatim, pedetentim, little by little; nominatim, by name; intim, sigillatim, individually ; viritim, man by man ; tributim, tribe by tribe; sim, by turns; seorsim, apart, &c. &c. &c.; consulto, deliberately; tuto, ely: falso, falsely; fortuito, casually; gratuito, without fee; improviso, pinato, necopinato, unexpectedly; liquido, clearly; merito, deservedly, &c.; en, clanculum, secretly; palam, openly; unā, simul, together; bifariam, bipartito, two parts; trifariam, tripartito, &c.; temere, at hazard; forte, by chance; onte, by choice; ritě, duly; temperi, seasonably; frustra, in vain; perperam, -adly; gratiis, gratis, freely; ingratiis, unwelcomely; coram, face to face; alio(-n), ceteroqui(-n), in other respects; nequiquam, to no purpose; incassum, fruitlessly; praefiscine, without offence. This adverb is derived from prae, fascino, barring the evil eye, under favour. 'Praefiscine dixerim,' Plaut. A sin. ii. 4. 84.

For Comparison of Adverbs see § 30.

VIII. The Logical Interrogative Adverbs, which expect affirmative or negative answers, are :

-ně (enclitic)? an? anně? num? numně? utrum? utrumně? nonně? annon?

SECTION II.

56

Prepo

sitions.

Table of Prepositions.

Prepositions.

A PREPOSITION is an exponent of relation between one Noun and another.

i. The primary relations are those of Place, Time, Number. From these spring many others, which are figurative or logical.

The relation of Place includes that of Person or Thing, when Person or Thing represents Place: apud regem, at the king's court; ante me, in front of me; ad bellum, to the war.

The relation of Time includes that of Person or Thing, when Person or Thing represents Time: post Romulum, after the time of Romulus; ante tubas ferrumque, before the invention of trumpets and steel.

Some Prepositions are used with Verbs of Motion, some with Verbs of Rest; many with both.

Several Prepositions are so used with a Case, as to form Adverbial Phrases, which are to all intents true Adverbs: admodum, invicem, obviam, ab integro, de novo, ex tempore, &c.

ii. Twenty-nine Prepositions take the Accusative Case, twelve the Ablative, and four the Accusative or the Ablative.

1) The following Prepositions take the Accusative Case :

Logical Adverbs, used to modify Discourse, are

(1) nempe, scilicet, videlicet, namely, of a sooth; nimirum, to be sure; (2) quidem, equidem, indeed; certe, certainly, at least; tamen, attamen, yet, nevertheless: nihilominus, nevertheless; (3) fors, forsan, forsitan, fortasse, fortassis, perhaps (4) immo, nay but, nay rather; (5) certo, assuredly; ita, etiam, yes, even so; de (often spelt nae), yea, verily; plane, evidently: profecto, doubtless; sanë, quite so: utique, in sooth; vero, truly, yes indeed; quippe, to be sure; (6) non, net, no; haud (haut), not, no (the reverse): minime, by no means; nē, not, lest; nedum, not to say, much less; ne . . . quidem, not even.