Plautus has the forms eumpsě, eampse, eapse, &c. Also reapse,

in reality, for re ipsa.

a) The affix -e (for cě) is added to iste and ille, making a pronominal declension as follows:

Cě sometimes appears at full: istiusce, illosce, &c.

So from hic, hunce, huiusce, hosce, &c.: and hicine? hocine? &c. b) The Interjection ecce, lo! coalesces in comic poetry with cases of is, ille, iste: ecca, eccum, eccam, &c. ; eccilla, eccillum, &c.; eccistam, &c. En, lo! also coalesces with ille into the Accusative forms, ellum, ellam, ellos, ellas.

In the Plural like the Relative.

Indefinite Pl. Nom. Qui, quae, qua or quae.

The forms Quis, quid, are Substantival; Qui, quod, Adjectival.

Uter is also Indefinite: either of two.

Neuter, neutra, neutrum, neither of the two, is declined as uter.

c) COMPOUND PRONOUNS.

1. a) quisnam, quidnam : quinam, quaenam, quodnam, who, what?

¿) uternam, utranam, utrumnam, whether of the two?

2. ecquis, ecqua, ecquid: ecqui, ecquae, ecquod, anyone? So numquis, siquis, në quis, &c.

3. a) aliquis, aliqua, aliquid aliqui, aliqua, aliquod, some one. b) alteruter, one or other; Gen. alterutrius or alterius utrius, &c. 4. quispiam, quaepiam, quippiam (quodpiam), anyone (positively). 5. quisquam, quicquam, anyone at all (with non, haud, vix, &c.). 6. quidam, quaedam, quiddam (quoddam), a certain one.

7. a) quicumque, quaecumque, quodcumque, whosoever, whatsoever.1

b) utercumque, utracumque, utrumcumque, whichever of two. 8. quisquis, whosoever, quidquid, whatsoever; Acc. (quemquem), quidquid; (G. cuicuimodi); Abl. (quoquo, quaqua, quoquo), &c.; Pl. D. Abl. (quibusquibus). Some of these forms are rare.

9. a) quivis, quaevis, quidvis (quódvis), any you will.

b) utervis, utravis, utrumvis, whether of the two you will. 10. a) quilibet, quaelibet, quidlibet (quodlibet), any you please. b) uterlibet, utralibet, utrumlibet, whether of the two you please. 11. a) quisque, quaeque, quicque (quodque), each.

b) unusquisque, unaquaeque, unumquicque (-quodque), each one: Acc. unumquemque, unamquamque, &c. Gen. uniuscuiusque, &c.

c) uterque, utraque, utrumque, both, each of two.

Obs. These Compounds are declined as the Simple forms, the undeclined affix or prefix accompanying each Case: Gen. cuiusnam, alicuius, cuiuscumque, utriusvis, &c. &c.

'Poets often disjoin the affix cumque from the Relative: Quae te cumque domat Venus, Hor.

Totus, whole, is declined like sõlus: also, unus, one, ullus, any at

all, nullus, none. See Numeralia.

Nihil, nothing (N. Acc.) is undeclined.

Nemo, nobody, Acc. neminem; G. nullius; D. nemini; Abl. nullo. Plural, nulli, &c.

The Plural word plerique, most; from an E. L. Adj. plērus.

The Gen. in use is plurim-orum, arum, orum.

The phrase plerique omnes pacne omnes, almost all.

Also the following words, with their compounds :

qualis, of what kind? tālis, such (like tristis).
quantus, how great? tantus so great (like bonus).
quot, how many? tot, so many (undeclined).

iv. Observations on certain Pronouns.

1. The Interrogative forms quis? qui? (Indefinite quis, qui) differ in this respect : quis is substantival, asking usually the nature, name, &c.; qui adjectival, asking quality. Quis is also Fem. in the comic poets, and grammarians refer the Fem. quae to the form qui. Quid always has a substantival, quod an adjectival use: quod vinum? but quid vini? what wine?

2. Quis, qui, Indefinite, is rarely found except as Enclitic after a particle, as ecquis, siquis, numquis, &c.; or with a second case of its own: 'siquis quem fraudavit.' It enters into composition with the prefix all- one or other (aliquis), the indefinite affixes -piam quam (quispiam, quisquam), and the distributive -que (quisque); qui takes the definitive -dam (qui-dam).

3. The Interrogative quis, qui becomes Universal (-soever) by self-duplication (quisquis), and by taking the affix -cumque or -cunque (quicumque, quicunque). It is also modified by the appended Verb-forms, vis, you will, libet, it pleases (quivis, quilibet). It becomes Emphatic by adding the precative affix -nam (quisnam? quinam ?). Some of these affixes are likewise taken by the Interrogative Pronominals qualis, quantus, quot, and the Interrogative Adverbs ubi, quo, quando, quotiens, &c. See v.

4. Uter (for cuter = Kórɛpos), whether of two, with its compounds, forms a dual series parallel to quis, &c. But the Relative qui is used in correlation to it. It takes many of the same affixes as qui.1

The following note treats chiefly of the cognate and ancient Case-forms of the Latin Pronouns.

I. The Personal Pronouns and the Reflexive.

1. Nominative Singular.

The Prim. roots of the two Personal Pronouns and the Reflexive are severally ma, tu (or tva), sva.

How the root ma connects itself with the Nom. Sing. Sk. alam, Gr. ¿yú, L. ego, is a doubtful question.

Pr. tu (Sk. tvam) becomes Gr. Tỷ (σŭ), L. tũ.

2. Accusative Singular.

Sk. mâm or mô, Gr. pê (uê), L. mẽ.

Sk. tvåm or två, Gr. (ré for τfe) σé, L. të.

Gr. e (for afe), L. sẽ, point to a Pr. szâm.

But Sanskrit has only an undeclined

form svayam, which may be joined to cases of Personal Pronouns.

3. Dative Singular.

Sk. ma-hyam (for Pr. ma-bhyam) becomes L. mihi (U. mehê, E. L. mihe, mihei). Sk. tu-bhyam becomes L. tibi (U. tefè, E. L. tibe, tibei).

Hence sibi (E. L. sibe, sibei) points to a Pr. but not extant (sva-bhyam).

4 Ablative Singular.

Sk. and Pr. ma-t, tva-t and by analogy (Pr. sva-t) become in E. L. me-d, te-d, se-d; afterwards mē, të, së.

These forms in -d were also used for the Accus. Sing. in E. L.

5. Nominative and Accusative Plural.

Unaccented Accus, forms in Sk. nas (for mas?) and vas (for tvas), appear to be the originals of the Latin cases nōs, võs. See Schleicher, § 266. In the Carmen Arvale enos appears for Acc. nos.

6. Dative and Ablative Plural.

Schleicher explains the suffix bis (-bei-s) in nōbis, võbis, as the Plural of bi (bei), attached to the stems nos- vos- (see above), which become nō- vō-. Festus cite a form (xis).

7. Genitive Singular and Plural.

The Sk. Gen. S. is (1) mama, (2) tava. But Pr. forms mas, tvas, (svas) are trace. able in very ancient L. forms mis, tis.

The forms classically used for these cases are nothing more than the Neuter Genitives of the Possessive Pronouns: mei, tui, sui; nostri, vestri; nostrum (for nostrorum), vestrum (for vestrorum). Thus 'vive memor mei (nostri)' is lit. live mindful of what is mine (ours); ie. of me (us).

v. Correlation of Pronominal Words.

A) Certain Pronouns, Pronominal Adjectives and Adverbs, are correlated to one another in several classes : namely

II. The Possessive Pronouns.

These are derived from the Personal Roots.

Tuus, suus correspond severally to Gr. reós (for rfeós or refós), éós (for a Feós or defis). E. L. forms are tovos, sovOS. The scenic poets use the cases as monosyllables.

Noster, vester are formed with the Comparative Suffix ter (like dexter, sinister), as are Οτι ἡμέτερος, ὑμέτερος.

III. The Demonstrative, Relatiye, &c. Pronouns.

The Flexion of these Pronouns has many features in common.

1. (1) Nominative Singular Masc.

a. The stem i-, as an I-noun, takes the ending s, forming the Nom. is. It corresponds to Sk. sa, Gr. o. In E. L. we find (as). It has an O-stem (ið-) for most cases.

Its comp. Idem has E. L. forms (isdem, isdem, êîdem).

Is-te, another compound (stem isto-), has in Plautus the form is-tus.

I-pse, also a compound (for is-pse), is found as i-ps-us.

Ille is for oll-us (stem ollo- or illo-), from an Italian root.

The stem ho- or hi- takes in most cases the affix -ce (c), becoming in Nom. S. Masc. hic (for hi-ce or his-ce). An E. L. form is (hec).

b. Qui qui-s Interrog. and Indef. (stem qui- or quo-) corresponds to Sk. Interrog ka, ka-s; Gr. 7ís, O. pis.

Qui, as the Relative, is peculiar to Latin. E. L. forms are (que, quei). Quei continued in use to the time of Caesar. Queique is an old form of quisque. Quir quir is cited by Varro for quisquis.

c. Alius has an old I-form alis, alid.

Uter (for cuter) corresponds to Pr. katara, Gr. Kórepos: quot, tot, to Sk. kati, tati. (2) Nom. S. Fem.

Ea is by assimilation for ia from stem (io-): the same change from i toe is made in most cases of is, idem.

An old form (sapsa) for ea ipsa is cited from Pacuvius.

Ista, ipsa, illa are regularly formed from the O-stems, but quae (O. pai, E. L. quai), haec (E. L. hai-ce) are irregular flexions in which the forms ha qua are strengthened by the vowel 1. The analogy of these is followed by istaec, illaec (for ista-ce, illa-ce). Qua is kept usually in the Indef. Pronoun and its compounds: siqua, numqua, ecqua, aliqua.

(3) Nom. Accus. S. Neuter.

The following Pronouns weaken the Prim. Neuter suffix t into d: id; idem (for id-dem); qui-d; quo-d; and illud, istud, aliud (anc. alid): in these three o is also weakened into u. Hoc is for (ho-d-ce). The rest take um; ipsum, utrum, alterum, &c.

2. Accusative Singular.

E. L. forms of is (em, im from the I-stem; sum, sam from the Pr. sa) are cited from the old poets for eum, eam, severally.

Also eumpse, eampse occur for eum ipsum, eam ipsam.

Hunc is for (hom-ce, hone); hanc for (ham-ce). Quem belongs to the I-stem qui: quam and quod to the O-stem quo-.

3. Genitive Singular.

The flexion of this case in all these Pronouns is a variation of Sk. asya. They strengthen the stem with 1 and then take us for the Case-ending. Thus are obtained (ii-us) by dissimilation eius (in E. L. ei-ius, elus).

(illoi-us, illei-us) illius or illius. So ipsius, istius, unius, nullius, totius; utri.s; alius; alterius; solius: (alterius, solius occur rarely).

(hoi-us) huius; (quoi-us) cuius.

In the scenic poets quoius is used as one syllable, suppressing u: hence the forms quoi. modi for (quoismodi), and cuicuimodi for (cuiscuismodi).