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1) Latin Nasal Stems.

Stem.

ĕm

Nom. S.

-m-p-s

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F. hiemps, winter.

M. flaměn, priest (of some deity); pectěn, comb,
and the compounds of cănere, fidicen, lutist ;
tibicen, flute-player; liticen, clarion-player;
tubicen, trumpeter; oscen, ominous (bird).
N. gluten, glue, and numerous Verbal Substan-
tives: agmen, carmen, culmen, nōmen, nūmen,
regimen, semen, stamen, tegmen, volumen, &c.
M. sanguis, blood; (pollis) mill-dust, powder. Other
forms are sanguěn, pollen: and probably I-
stems, sangui- polli-, existed anciently.

M. homo, human being (homon- hemon- are old
forms) turbo, whirlwind, top; Apollo.
C. nemo, nobody.

F. Many in -do, -go: grando, hail; harundo,
reed; hirundo, swallow, hirudo, leech, testudo,
tortoise; indago, net; origo, origin; robigo, mil-
dew; virgo, virgin; Carthago, &c.: and nume-
rous abstracts: cupido, libido, fortitudo, mag-
nitudo, vicissitudo, &c.

Caro, flesh; carn- (for carin- or caron-), becoming an I-noun, Gen. Pl. carnium.

M. cardo, hinge; ordo, order; Cupido, the deity
Cupid; C. margo, margin.

M. Concretes in ōōn-: agaso, groom; baro,
simpleton ; bibo, toper; bufo, toad; carbo, coal;
crabro, hornet; epulo, banquetter; latro, robber;
leo, lion; ligo, spade; mucro, point (of dagger);
upilio or opilio, shepherd; papilio, butterfly;
praedo, pirate; pugio, poniard; sermo, discourse;
stelio, lizard; tiro, recruit; vespertilio, bat; also
unio, pearl; ternio, tré, senio, sice, &c., in dice-
play Names; Capito, Cicero, Naso, Pollio,
&c., but F. Iuno.

F. Abstracts in io ion: (a) from Adjectives: communio, perduellio, treason, rebellio; (b) from Pres. Stem. of Verbs: legio, regio, &c.; (c) from Supine Stem, a very large class: actio, dictio, lectio, positio, &c. Some take concrete meaning: natio, a nation; oratio, a speech, &c.

Note. C. Can-is, dog, iuven-is, young person, are really Nasal Stems (Pr. kvan, yuvan): but take i in Nom. S. Their Gen. Pl. is in -um.

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M. Acarnan, Acarnanian; Pān; Paeān (name of
Apollo hymn to Apollo); Titan.

M. ren-cs, Pl. kidneys, reins, loins (Gen. Pl. um,
or ium); splēn, spleen, milt (for which liên is a
Latin form) attagen (a bird). The river Anis
is inflected Anien- from a byform Aniēn.

F. Siren.

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ĕn

-ên

in

ōn

-ōn

.M. Hymen; Philopoemen.

-in -is M. delphin, dolphin (also delphin-us, 2.)
F. Eleusis, Salamis.

ŏn- -ōn

M. Solōn, Telamon, Triton, &c. Cithaerōn, Helicōn. Names of men were generally latinised by taking Nom. S. o: Hiero, Milo, Plato, Zeno, &c. But Alcōn, Cimōn, &c. keep n.

F. Babylon; Calydōn; Marathōn, &c.

M. Ariōn; Amphiōn; Iasōn; Ixiōn; Memnōn, &c.

F. Amazōn; Gorgōn; sindōn, fine linen.

Rarely latinised with Nom. S. in o: M. Macedo,
Macedonian.

Note. Greek Nasal Nouns have Acc. S. ǎ or em (Pan always Pană); Pl. as generally.

E. Liquid and Sibilant Stems.

L and r proper do not takes in Nom. S.: as consul, aequor. Sibilant Stems are numerous, many of them retaining theirs in Nom. S. and changing it to r in the inflected cases: Venus, Veneris; flos, floris, &c. Others changes to r in the Nom. S. also: lar, laris; melior, meliōris. Vowel-change often occurs

in Nom. S.: ěbŭr for ěbor.

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M. sal, salt (rarely N.); Hannibal, Hiempsăl, &c. M. pugil, boxer; vigil, watchman; mugil (also mugili-s), mullet.

Adj. vigil, wakeful, Abl. S. 1.

M. sōl, the sun.

M. consul; praesul, president; C. exul, banished

one.

N. fel, gall; mel, honey, &c.

M. Caesar; lar, household-god (anc. Pl. Lases).
N. par, pair; baccar (a plant); iubar, sun-beam;
instar, likeness (only Nom. Acc. S.): *nectar,
nectar. (Adj. pār, with compounds, is an I-stem.)
N. far, flour.

M. acipens-er or acipensis, sturgeon; agger, mound;
anser, goose; asser, pole; carcer, prison (Pl.
starting place); later, brick; passer, sparrow;
with the Plurals Celeres, the knightly body-
guards; proceres, nobles; see p. 127.

F. mulier, woman. C. tuber (a fruit tree).
N. ăcer, maple; cadaver, carcase; cicer, chickpea ;
papāver, poppy; piper, pepper; siler, withy;
siser, skirret; süber, cork; tūber, a hump, a
truffle; über, a teat; also Iter or (itiner), jour-
ney, Gen. itineris; Pl. iugera, acres; (verber),
stripe, Abl. S. verbère, with full Pl.

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The M. form vesper-ě, i, seems to be of this Decl.,
but its other cases (vesper, &c.) are of the 2nd.
Plautus uses vesperi (and luci, temperi, mani)
with Prep.: 'de vesperi suo,' &c. And Corssen
does not consider them to be Locative but true
Abl. Cases. Virgil has vespere Abl.: 'vespere
ab atro,' Aen. v. 19.

Adj. degener, degenerate; pauper, poor.
N. ver, spring.

N. aequor, level surface, sea; marmor, marble, sea;
ador, spelt (whence F. adōrea, i.e. donatio, a
dole of spelt given to victorious soldiers: hence
'victory, 'glory'), has only Nom. Acc. S.
M. Archaic words, as Marcipor (Marci puer), slave
of Marcus: Lucipor, slave of Lucius, &c.
M. olor, swan: with a large number of Verbal
Substantives, some formed from root or Pres.
stem: amor, love; ardor, heat; calor, warmth;
dolor, grief, pain, &c.; others, very numerous,
from Supine stem: cultor, tiller, worshipper;
domitor, tamer; victor, conqueror, &c.

F. soror, sister; uxor, wife.

Adj. Acc. S. primōrem, Pl. primōres, chief persons. ěbŭr, ivory; femur, thigh; iecur, liver (also iecinor- iocinor- iocinĕr-); rõbŭr, hard wood,oak (old form probably robus, whence robustus). M. furfur, bran; (lemur) goblin (chiefly Plur.); vultur, vulture; turtur, turtle-dove; *Ligur or Ligŭs, Ligurian; C. augur.

N. guttur, throat; fulgur, lightning; murmŭr; sulfur, sulphur.-Adj. cicăr, tame.

M. fur, thief.

N. vas, vessel (Pl. vasa, vasorum, vasis); fas,
(divine) right; nefas, wrong, impiety: (both
words have only Nom. Acc. S.; but V. uses
fandi, nefandi, as their Gen.).

N. æs, copper, brass, bronze.
F. Cēres (goddess of corn).

Adj. pubes (pubĕris), of ripe age: impubēs (im-
pubĕris), under age. See p. 115.

M. cucumis, cucumber (also cucumĭ-); vomis (voměr), ploughshare: acipensis.

C. cinis, ash, cinder; pulvis, dust.

F. Venus.

N. foedus, treaty; funus, funeral; genus, race, kind; glomus, ball (of thread, &c.) ; holus (olus), green stuff; lătus, side; munus, gift, office (Nom. Acc. Pl. munera or munia): onus, burden; pondus, weight; raudus (rūdus), bit (of brass, &c.); scelus, crime, wickedness; sidus, constellation; vellus, fleece; (viscus, rarely Sing.), bowel; ulcus, sore; vulnus, wound. Secus, sex (only Nom. Acc. S.). This us is for anc. os.

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M. lepus, hare.

N. corpus, body; děcus, grace, dedecus, disgrace; facinus, deed, crime; fēnus, usury, interest (also ĕr-); frīgus, cold; lītus, shore; němus, forest, grove; pectus, breast; pignus, pledge (also ĕr-); stercus, dung; tempus, time; temple (of head); tergus (also tergum 2.), back. This us

was anc. os.

F. arbōs or arbor, tree.

M. colōs, usually color, colour, complexion; honōs
or honor, honour, office; lăbōs or labor, toil; lepōs
or lepor, wit, good humour. So odor, scent;
pavor, alarm; rumòr, report (rarely odōs, &c.).
See p. 102.
M. flōs, flower; mōs, custom; rōs, dew.
N. ōs, mouth, face.

On comparatives melior, meliùs (anc. meliōs),
see pp. 21, 42.

F. tellus, land, earth.

N. crus, leg; ius, right; iūs, gravy, broth; pūs,
foul matter; rūs, country; tus, frankincense.
M. pater, father; frater, brother; accipiter, hawk.
F. mater, mother.

2) Greek R-Stems.

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ĕr

-C

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M. aēr, atmosphere (Acc. S. aĕră or aěrem):
aether, sky (Acc. S. aetheră).

M. crater, mixing-bowl. (Acc. S. ǎ, Pl. ǎs.)
M. rhetor, Castor, Hector, Nestor, &c. (Acc. S. ǎ
or em, PL ǎs). This or is latinized from Gr.
wp.

F. U- and V-Stems.

ŭ

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-ūs

| C. grūs, crane; sūs, swine (Dat. Abl. Pl. sūbus or suibus).

M. Iuppiter Iŏv-, lupiter.

C. bōs bov-, ox or cow (Gen. Pl. boum; Dat.
Abl. bōbus or būbus).

G. Greek E- o- and y-Stems.

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N. epos, epic poem; melos, lyric (Gen. S. -eos, Nom. Acc. Pl. mele, contracted from melěa). So cete, whales; pelage, seas; Tempē, (a vale in Thessaly). Chaos belongs here: but Virgil has Abl. Chao, 2.

M. herōs herō-, hero (Acc. S. herōă, Nom. Pl. herōěs, Acc. herōăs). F. echo (Gen. echūs for echo-os; the other cases in ō; so Io, Ino. Dido, Sappho, also form ōn-). M. Cotys Coty-; Phorcys Phorcy-; Tiphys Tiphy-; F. Erinys Eriny-, Acc. S. -ă. Pl. -ăs. (A few Adjective and other I-stems are included in the foregoing tables, on account of their connexion with other words.)

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Nouns of the Third Declension are either (1) Imparisyllaba (unequal in the number of their syllables), having more syllables in the Gen. Sing. than in the Nom.: or (2) Parisyllaba, having the same number of syllables in those Cases.

Of Imparisyllabic Substantives, the greater number are Consonant Nouns: but many are Clipt I-nouns especially those which have a Labial, Nasal, or Liquid before s in the Nom. Sing. as urbs, bidens, cohors, pars. Of Parisyllabic Substantives, all are I-nouns but a very few, already cited: canis, iuvenis, senex, vates pater, mater, frater, accipiter, &c.

Adjectives of both kinds in this Decl. are I-nouns except a few.1

v. Grouping of I-nouns.

I-nouns come under four chief Heads :

A) Parisyllabic I-nouns, with Nom. Sing. -s (a few ĕr for -ri-): Fem. Masc. or Common.

B) Parisyllabic I-nouns in -s (-s) perhaps from original sibilant-stems: chiefly Fem.

C) Neuter I-nouns of Adjectival nature, Parisyll. in ě, Imparisyll. in ăl, år.

D) Clipt I-nouns Imparisyllabic: Fem. Masc. or Common.

A) I-nouns under the first Head are grouped according as they form the Accus. Sing. in im or em, and the Abl. Sing. in ī or ě. 1. Acc. S. im : Abl. ī.

1

1) F. *cannabis, hemp (Abl. è in Persius); tussis, cough; sitis, thirst (S. only); buris, ploughtail (only Acc. S.); ravis, hoarseness (only Acc. S.); * tigris, tiger (also as a Consonant Noun, tigrid-).

Names of Towns: Hispalis, Seville; Neapolis, Naples; Amphipolts; Memphis.

Vis, force (an S-stem), Acc. S. vim, Abl. vi, casting out s (Gen. Dat. wanting); Pl. vīres, &c., changing s into r. *Greek I-nouns: poesis, poetry; mathesis, science; Charybdis: Voc. S. i, Acc. in or im; poesi, poes-In (im).

The Greek Gen. in eos is rare: poeseos and Gen. PL. eōn: metamorphoseōn.

Many Latin I-nouns correspond to Pr. I-nouns: anguis, ignis, ovis, ars, dos, gens, mens, and others. In some i represents Pr. a: axis, foris,imbris, nubes panis, pellis, penis, unguis. In others i is a Latin suffix to a Pr. root: can-i-s iuven-i-s, Iov-i-s, vat-i-s: mitis, turpis, brevis, gravis, levis, pinguis, suavis, tenuis. In mensis (Gr. unv), si is suffixal. In a few, as arx, daps, there is a Pr. root with Nom. suffix S. In some of these forms 1, not belonging to the original Nom., has been developed in the other Cases; but in most of the Imparisyllabic I-nouns it has been dropt in Nom. Very many Latin I-nouns, especially the great bulk of Adjectives, have been formed in accordance with prevalent analogies.

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