1) Latin Nasal Stems. Stem. ĕm Nom. S. -m-p-s F. hiemps, winter. M. flaměn, priest (of some deity); pectěn, comb, M. homo, human being (homon- hemon- are old F. Many in -do, -go: grando, hail; harundo, Caro, flesh; carn- (for carin- or caron-), becoming an I-noun, Gen. Pl. carnium. M. cardo, hinge; ordo, order; Cupido, the deity M. Concretes in ōōn-: agaso, groom; baro, F. Abstracts in io ion: (a) from Adjectives: communio, perduellio, treason, rebellio; (b) from Pres. Stem. of Verbs: legio, regio, &c.; (c) from Supine Stem, a very large class: actio, dictio, lectio, positio, &c. Some take concrete meaning: natio, a nation; oratio, a speech, &c. Note. C. Can-is, dog, iuven-is, young person, are really Nasal Stems (Pr. kvan, yuvan): but take i in Nom. S. Their Gen. Pl. is in -um. M. Acarnan, Acarnanian; Pān; Paeān (name of M. ren-cs, Pl. kidneys, reins, loins (Gen. Pl. um, F. Siren. ĕn -ên in ōn -ōn .M. Hymen; Philopoemen. -in -is M. delphin, dolphin (also delphin-us, 2.) ŏn- -ōn M. Solōn, Telamon, Triton, &c. Cithaerōn, Helicōn. Names of men were generally latinised by taking Nom. S. o: Hiero, Milo, Plato, Zeno, &c. But Alcōn, Cimōn, &c. keep n. F. Babylon; Calydōn; Marathōn, &c. M. Ariōn; Amphiōn; Iasōn; Ixiōn; Memnōn, &c. F. Amazōn; Gorgōn; sindōn, fine linen. Rarely latinised with Nom. S. in o: M. Macedo, Note. Greek Nasal Nouns have Acc. S. ǎ or em (Pan always Pană); Pl. as generally. E. Liquid and Sibilant Stems. L and r proper do not takes in Nom. S.: as consul, aequor. Sibilant Stems are numerous, many of them retaining theirs in Nom. S. and changing it to r in the inflected cases: Venus, Veneris; flos, floris, &c. Others changes to r in the Nom. S. also: lar, laris; melior, meliōris. Vowel-change often occurs in Nom. S.: ěbŭr for ěbor. M. sal, salt (rarely N.); Hannibal, Hiempsăl, &c. M. pugil, boxer; vigil, watchman; mugil (also mugili-s), mullet. Adj. vigil, wakeful, Abl. S. 1. M. sōl, the sun. M. consul; praesul, president; C. exul, banished one. N. fel, gall; mel, honey, &c. M. Caesar; lar, household-god (anc. Pl. Lases). M. acipens-er or acipensis, sturgeon; agger, mound; F. mulier, woman. C. tuber (a fruit tree). The M. form vesper-ě, i, seems to be of this Decl., Adj. degener, degenerate; pauper, poor. N. aequor, level surface, sea; marmor, marble, sea; F. soror, sister; uxor, wife. Adj. Acc. S. primōrem, Pl. primōres, chief persons. ěbŭr, ivory; femur, thigh; iecur, liver (also iecinor- iocinor- iocinĕr-); rõbŭr, hard wood,oak (old form probably robus, whence robustus). M. furfur, bran; (lemur) goblin (chiefly Plur.); vultur, vulture; turtur, turtle-dove; *Ligur or Ligŭs, Ligurian; C. augur. N. guttur, throat; fulgur, lightning; murmŭr; sulfur, sulphur.-Adj. cicăr, tame. M. fur, thief. N. vas, vessel (Pl. vasa, vasorum, vasis); fas, N. æs, copper, brass, bronze. Adj. pubes (pubĕris), of ripe age: impubēs (im- M. cucumis, cucumber (also cucumĭ-); vomis (voměr), ploughshare: acipensis. C. cinis, ash, cinder; pulvis, dust. F. Venus. N. foedus, treaty; funus, funeral; genus, race, kind; glomus, ball (of thread, &c.) ; holus (olus), green stuff; lătus, side; munus, gift, office (Nom. Acc. Pl. munera or munia): onus, burden; pondus, weight; raudus (rūdus), bit (of brass, &c.); scelus, crime, wickedness; sidus, constellation; vellus, fleece; (viscus, rarely Sing.), bowel; ulcus, sore; vulnus, wound. Secus, sex (only Nom. Acc. S.). This us is for anc. os. M. lepus, hare. N. corpus, body; děcus, grace, dedecus, disgrace; facinus, deed, crime; fēnus, usury, interest (also ĕr-); frīgus, cold; lītus, shore; němus, forest, grove; pectus, breast; pignus, pledge (also ĕr-); stercus, dung; tempus, time; temple (of head); tergus (also tergum 2.), back. This us was anc. os. F. arbōs or arbor, tree. M. colōs, usually color, colour, complexion; honōs On comparatives melior, meliùs (anc. meliōs), F. tellus, land, earth. N. crus, leg; ius, right; iūs, gravy, broth; pūs, 2) Greek R-Stems. ĕr -C M. aēr, atmosphere (Acc. S. aĕră or aěrem): M. crater, mixing-bowl. (Acc. S. ǎ, Pl. ǎs.) F. U- and V-Stems. ŭ ĕ -ūs | C. grūs, crane; sūs, swine (Dat. Abl. Pl. sūbus or suibus). M. Iuppiter Iŏv-, lupiter. C. bōs bov-, ox or cow (Gen. Pl. boum; Dat. G. Greek E- o- and y-Stems. -0 N. epos, epic poem; melos, lyric (Gen. S. -eos, Nom. Acc. Pl. mele, contracted from melěa). So cete, whales; pelage, seas; Tempē, (a vale in Thessaly). Chaos belongs here: but Virgil has Abl. Chao, 2. M. herōs herō-, hero (Acc. S. herōă, Nom. Pl. herōěs, Acc. herōăs). F. echo (Gen. echūs for echo-os; the other cases in ō; so Io, Ino. Dido, Sappho, also form ōn-). M. Cotys Coty-; Phorcys Phorcy-; Tiphys Tiphy-; F. Erinys Eriny-, Acc. S. -ă. Pl. -ăs. (A few Adjective and other I-stems are included in the foregoing tables, on account of their connexion with other words.) -y's Nouns of the Third Declension are either (1) Imparisyllaba (unequal in the number of their syllables), having more syllables in the Gen. Sing. than in the Nom.: or (2) Parisyllaba, having the same number of syllables in those Cases. Of Imparisyllabic Substantives, the greater number are Consonant Nouns: but many are Clipt I-nouns especially those which have a Labial, Nasal, or Liquid before s in the Nom. Sing. as urbs, bidens, cohors, pars. Of Parisyllabic Substantives, all are I-nouns but a very few, already cited: canis, iuvenis, senex, vates pater, mater, frater, accipiter, &c. Adjectives of both kinds in this Decl. are I-nouns except a few.1 v. Grouping of I-nouns. I-nouns come under four chief Heads : A) Parisyllabic I-nouns, with Nom. Sing. -s (a few ĕr for -ri-): Fem. Masc. or Common. B) Parisyllabic I-nouns in -s (-s) perhaps from original sibilant-stems: chiefly Fem. C) Neuter I-nouns of Adjectival nature, Parisyll. in ě, Imparisyll. in ăl, år. D) Clipt I-nouns Imparisyllabic: Fem. Masc. or Common. A) I-nouns under the first Head are grouped according as they form the Accus. Sing. in im or em, and the Abl. Sing. in ī or ě. 1. Acc. S. im : Abl. ī. 1 1) F. *cannabis, hemp (Abl. è in Persius); tussis, cough; sitis, thirst (S. only); buris, ploughtail (only Acc. S.); ravis, hoarseness (only Acc. S.); * tigris, tiger (also as a Consonant Noun, tigrid-). Names of Towns: Hispalis, Seville; Neapolis, Naples; Amphipolts; Memphis. Vis, force (an S-stem), Acc. S. vim, Abl. vi, casting out s (Gen. Dat. wanting); Pl. vīres, &c., changing s into r. *Greek I-nouns: poesis, poetry; mathesis, science; Charybdis: Voc. S. i, Acc. in or im; poesi, poes-In (im). The Greek Gen. in eos is rare: poeseos and Gen. PL. eōn: metamorphoseōn. Many Latin I-nouns correspond to Pr. I-nouns: anguis, ignis, ovis, ars, dos, gens, mens, and others. In some i represents Pr. a: axis, foris,imbris, nubes panis, pellis, penis, unguis. In others i is a Latin suffix to a Pr. root: can-i-s iuven-i-s, Iov-i-s, vat-i-s: mitis, turpis, brevis, gravis, levis, pinguis, suavis, tenuis. In mensis (Gr. unv), si is suffixal. In a few, as arx, daps, there is a Pr. root with Nom. suffix S. In some of these forms 1, not belonging to the original Nom., has been developed in the other Cases; but in most of the Imparisyllabic I-nouns it has been dropt in Nom. Very many Latin I-nouns, especially the great bulk of Adjectives, have been formed in accordance with prevalent analogies. |