in

-m-p-s
-čn

F. hiemps, winter.

M. flaměn, priest (of some deity); pectěn, comb,
and the compounds of cănere, fidicen, lutist;
tibicen, flute-player; liticen, clarion-player;
tubicen, trumpeter; oscen, ominous (bird).
N. gluten, glue, and numerous Verbal Substan-
tives: agmen, carmen, culmen, nōmen, numen,
regimen, semen, stamen, tegmen, volumen, &c.
M. sanguis, blood; (pollis) mill-dust, powder. Other
forms are sanguěn, pollen: and probably I-
stems, sangui- polli-, existed anciently.

M. homo, human being (homon- hemon- are old
forms): turbo, whirlwind, top; Apollo.
C. nemo, nobody.

F. Many in -do, -go: grando, hail; harundo,
reed; hirundo, swallow, hirudo, leech, testudo,
tortoise ; indago, net; origo, origin ; robigo, mil-
dew; virgo, virgin; Carthago, &c.: and nume-
rous abstracts: cupido, libido, fortitudo, mag-
nitudo, vicissitudo, &c.

Caro, flesh; carn- (for carin- or caron-), be-
coming an I-noun, Gen. Pl. carnium.
M. cardo, hinge; ordo, order; Cupido, the deity
Cupid; C. margo, margin.

M. Concretes in ōōn-: agaso, groom; baro,
simpleton; bibo, toper; bufo, toad; carbo, coal;
crabro, hornet; epulo, banquetter; latro, robber;
leo, lion; ligo, spade; mucro, point (of dagger);
upilio or opilio, shepherd; papilio, butterfly;
praedo, pirate; pugio, poniard; sermo, discourse;
stelio, lizard; tiro, recruit; vespertilio, bat; also
unio, pearl; ternio, tré, senio, sice, &c., in dice-
play: Names; Capito, Cicero, Naso, Pollio,
&c., but F. Iuno.

F. Abstracts in io ion: (a) from Adjectives: communio, perduellio, treason, rebellio; (b) from Pres. Stem. of Verbs: legio, regio, &c.; (c) from Supine Stem, a very large class: actio, dictio, lectio, positio, &c. Some take concrete meaning: natio, a nation; oratio, a speech, &c.

Note. C. Can-is, dog, iuven-is, young person, are really Nasal Stems (Pr. kvan, yuvan): but take i in Nom. S. Their Gen. Pl. is in -um.

M. Acarnan, Acarnanian; Pān; Paeān (name of
Apollo: hymn to Apollo); Titān.

M. ren-cs, Pl. kidneys, reins, loins (Gen. Pl. um,
or ium); splēn, spleen, milt (for which lien is
Latin form): attagēn (a bird). The river Ani)
is inflected Anien- from a kyform Aniēn.

F. Sirer.

M. Hymen; Philopoemen.

-is M. delphin, dolphin (also delphin-us, 2.)
F. Eleusis, Salamis.

M. Solōn, Telamon, Triton, &c. Cithaerōn, Helicōn. Names of men were generally latinised by taking Nom. S. o: Hiero, Milo, Plato, Zeno, &c. But Alcōn, Cimōn, &c. keep n.

F. Babylon; Calỹdōn; Marathōn, &c.

M. Ariōn; Amphiōn; Iasōn; Ixiōn; Memnōn, &c.

F. Amazōn; Gorgōn; sindōn, fine linen.

Rarely latinised with Nom. S. in o: M. Macedo,
Macedonian.

Note. Greek Nasal Nouns have Acc. S. ǎ or em (Pan always Pană); Pl. as generally.

E. Liquid and Sibilant Stems.

L and r proper do not takes in Nom. S.: as consul, aequor. Sibilant Stems are numerous, many of them retaining theirs in Nom. S. and changing it to r in the inflected cases: Venus, Veneris; flos, floris, &c. Others changes to r in the Nom. S. also: lar, lǎris; melior, meliōris. Vowel-change often occurs

in Nom. S.: ĕbůr for ěbor.

M. sal, salt (rarely N.); Hannibal, Hiempsăl, &c. M. pugil, boxer; vigil, watchman; mugil (also mugili-s), mullet.

Adj. vigil, wakeful, Abl. S. 1.

M. sol, the sun.

M. consul; praesul, president; C. exul, banished

one.

N. fel, gall; mel, honey, &c.

M. Caesar; lar, household-god (anc. Pl. Lases).
N. par, pair; baccar (a plant); iubar, sun-beam;
instar, likeness (only Nom. Acc. S.): *nectar,
nectar. (Adj. pār, with compounds, is an 'I-stem.)
N. far, flour.

M. acipens-er or acipensis, sturgeon; agger, mound;
anser, goose; asser, pole; carcer, prison (Pl.
starting place); later, brick; passer, sparrow;
with the Plurals Celeres, the knightly body-
guards; proceres, nobles; see p. 127.

F. mulier, woman. C. tuber (a fruit tree).
N. ǎcer, maple; cadaver, carcase; cicer, chickpea;
papaver, poppy; piper, pepper; siler, withy;
siser, skirret; süber, cork; tūber, a hump, a
truffle; über, a teat; also Iter or (itiner), jour-
ney, Gen. itineris; Pl. iugera, acres; (verber),
stripe, Abl. S. verbère, with full Pl.

The M. form vesper-ě, i, seems to be of this Decl.,
but its other cases (vesper, &c.) are of the 2nd.
Plautus uses vesperi (and luci, temperi, mani)
with Prep.: 'de vesperi suo,' &c. And Corssen
does not consider them to be Locative but true
Abl. Cases. Virgil has vespere Abl.: 'vespere
ab atro,' Aen. v. 19.

Adj. degener, degenerate; pauper, poor.
N. ver, spring.

N. aequor, level surface, sea; marmor, marble,sea;
ador, spelt (whence F. adōrea, i.e. donatio, a
dole of spelt given to victorious soldiers: hence
victory, 'glory'), has only Nom. Acc. S.
M. Archaic words, as Marcipor (Marci puer), slave
of Marcus: Lucipor, slave of Lucius, &c.
M. olor, swan: with a large number of Verbal
Substantives, some formed from root or Pres.
stem: amor, love; ardor, heat; calor, warmth;
dolor, grief, pain, &c.; others, very numerous,
from Supine stem: cultor, tiller, worshipper;
domitor, tamer; victor, conqueror, &c.

F. soror, sister; uxor, wife.

Adj. Acc.S. primōrem, Pl. primōres, chief persons. ĕbur, ivory; fěmŭr, thigh; iecur, liver (also iecinor- iocinor- iocinĕr-); rōbůr, hard wood,oak (old form probably robus, whence robustus). M. furfur, bran; (lemŭr) goblin (chiefly Plur.); vultur, vulture; turtur, turtle-dove; *Ligur or Ligŭs, Ligurian; C. augŭr.

N. guttur, throat; fulgur, lightning; murmur; sulfur, sulphur.-Adj. cicŭr, tame.

M. fur, thief.

N. vas, vessel (Pl. vasa, vasorum, vasis); fas, (divine) right; nefas, wrong, impiety: (both words have only Nom. Acc. S.; but V. uses fandi, nefandi, as their Gen.).

N. æs, copper, brass, bronze.

F. Cēres (goddess of corn).

Adj. pubes (pubĕris), of ripe age: impubēs (impuběris), under age. See p. 115.

M. cucumis, cucumber (also cucumi-); vomis (voměr), ploughshare: acipensis.

C. cinis, ash, cinder; pulvis, dust.

F. Venus.

N. foedus, treaty; funus, funeral; genus, race, kind; glomus, ball (of thread, &c.); holus (olus), green stuff; latus, side; munus, gift, office (Nom. Acc. Pl. munera or munia): onus, burden; pondus, weight; raudus (rūdus), bit (of brass, &c.); scelus, crime, wickedness; sidus, constellation; vellus, fleece; (viscus, rarely Sing.), bowel; ulcus, sore; vulnus, wound. Secus, sex (only Nom. Acc. S.). This us is for anc. os.

M. lepus, hare.

N. corpus, body; decus, grace, dedecus, disgrace; facinus, deed, crime; fēnus, usury, interest (also ĕr-); frigus, cold; litus, shore; němus, forest, grove; pectus, breast; pignus, pledge (also ĕr-); stercus, dung; tempus, time; temple (of head); tergus (also tergum 2.), back. This us

was anc. os.

F. arbōs or arbor, tree.

M. colōs, usually color, colour, complexion; honōs
or honor, honour, office; labos or labor, toil; lepōs
or lepor, wit, good humour. So odor, scent;
pavor, alarm; rumor, report (rarely odos, &c.).
See p. 102.

M. flōs, flower; mōs, custom; rōs, dew.
N. ōs, mouth, face.

On comparatives melior, meliùs (anc. meliōs),
see pp. 21, 42.

F. tellus, land, earth.

N. crus, leg; iūs, right; iūs, gravy, broth; pūs,
foul matter; rús, country; tus, frankincense.
M. pater, father; frater, brother; accipiter, hawk.
F. mater, mother.

2) Greek R-Stems.

M. aër, atmosphere (Acc. S. aĕră or aěrem) :
aether, sky (Acc. S. aetheră).

M. crater, mixing-bowl. (Acc. S. ǎ, Pl. ǎs.)
M. rhetor, Castor, Hector, Nestor, &c. (Acc. S. å
or em, Pl. ǎs). This or is latinized from Gr.
wp.

F. U- and V-Stems.

ĕ

인

ŏ

བ

-ūs

| C. grūs, crane; sūs, swine (Dat. Abl. Pl. sūbus or suibus).

M. Iuppiter Iŏv-, lupiter.

C. bōs bov-, or or cow (Gen. Pl. boum; Dat.
Abl. bōbus or būbus).

G. Greek E- o- and y-Stems.

10

-y's

N. epos, epic poem; melos, lyric (Gen. S. -eos, Nom. Acc. Pl. mele, contracted from melěa). So cete, whales; pelage, seas; Tempē, (a vale in Thessaly). Chaos belongs here: but Virgil has Abl. Chao, 2.

M. herōs herō-, hero (Acc. S. herōă, Nom. Pl.
heroes, Acc. herōǎs).

F. echo (Gen. echūs for echo-ŏs; the other cases
in ō; so Io, Ino. Dido, Sappho, also form ōn-).
M. Cotys Coty-; Phorcys Phorcy-; Tiphys
Tiphy-; F. Erinys Eriny-, Acc. S. -ă. Pl. -as.

(A few Adjective and other I-stems are included in the foregoing tables, on account of their connexion with other words.)

Nouns of the Third Declension are either (1) Imparisyllaba (unequal in the number of their syllables), having more syllables in the Gen. Sing. than in the Nom.: or (2) Parisyllaba, having the same number of syllables in those Cases.

Of Imparisyllabic Substantives, the greater number are Consonant Nouns but many are Clipt I-nouns: especially those which have a Labial, Nasal, or Liquid before s in the Nom. Sing. as urbs, bidens, cohors, pars. Of Parisyllabic Substantives, all are Í-nouns but a very few, already cited: canis, iuvenis, senex, vates: pater, mater, frater, accipiter, &c.

Adjectives of both kinds in this Decl. are I-nouns except a few.1

v. Grouping of I-nouns.

I-nouns come under four chief Heads :

A) Parisyllabic I-nouns, with Nom. Sing. -s (a few ĕr for -ri-): Fem. Masc. or Common.

B) Parisyllabic I-nouns_in_e-s (-s) perhaps from original sibilant-stems: chiefly Fem.

C) Neuter I-nouns of Adjectival nature, Parisyll. in ě, Imparisyll. in ǎl, år.

D) Clipt I-nouns Imparisyllabic: Fem. Masc. or Common.

A) I-nouns under the first Head are grouped according as they form the Accus. Sing. in im or em, and the Abl. Sing. in ī or ě. 1. Acc. S. im : Abl. ī.

1

1) F. *cannabis, hemp (Abl. è in Persius); tussis, cough; sitis, thirst (S. only); buris, ploughtail (only Acc. S.); ravis, hoarseness (only Acc. S.); tigris, tiger (also as a Consonant Noun, tigrid-).

*

Names of Towns: Hispalis, Seville; Neapolis, Naples; Amphipolis; Memphis.

Vis, force (an S-stem), Acc. S. vim, Abl. vi, casting out s (Gen. Dat. wanting); Pl. vīres, &c., changing s into r. *Greek I-nouns: poesis, poetry; mathesis, science; Charybdis: Voc. S. ĭ, Acc. in or im; poesi, poes-In (im).

The Greek Gen. in eos is rare: poeseos and Gen. Pl. eōn: metamorphoseōn.

Many Latin I-nouns correspond to Pr. I-nouns: anguis, ignis, ovis, ars, dos, gens, mens, and others. In some i represents Pr. a: axis, foris, imbris, nubes panis, pellis, penis, unguis. In others i is a Latin suffix to a Pr. root: can-i-s iuven-i-s, Iov-i-s, vat-i-s: mitis, turpis, brevis, gravis, levis, pinguis, suavis, tenuis. In mensis (Gr. μnv), si is suffixal. In a few, as arx, daps, there is a Pr. root with Nom. suffix s. In some of these forms 1, not belonging to the original Nom., has been developed in the other Cases; but in most of the Imparisyllabic I-nouns it has been dropt in Nom. Very many Latin I-nouns, especially the great bulk of Adjectives, have been formed in accordance with prevalent analogies.