ancient, these columns probably belonged to the temple of that goddess.

1

E. D. Clarke, who published his volumes of travels in 1818, says that the four columns last removed were blasted into fragments with gunpowder and used by the Governor in building a house. Clarke disputes Chandler's idea that the building was the Sisypheum, and is inclined to call it the Temple of Octavia mentioned by Pausanias. He says, however, "I do not bestow

the name upon it, but leave its history to be hereafter determined, when future discoveries upon the spot shall have made the antiquities of Corinth better known than they are at present." A thought upon the relative ages of this temple and of a temple to the Roman Octavia would have saved Clarke even the mention of the ridiculous hypothesis. The accompanying sketch, taken from a volume called Views of Athens, published during the second quarter of the last century, shows the appearance of the temple at that time (Fig. 2). From the

1 Cf. E. D. Clarke, Travels, vol. VI, pp. 551-553.

appearance of the first architrave block of the south side, this drawing must have been made before Blouet's visit in 1829, for he found the block broken. The Turkish buildings are here seen which were built out over the four dismantled columns of the southern peristyle; a large wall traverses the axis of the temple and incorporates in itself the third column of the western end. The second and third columns of the side are also bound together with a wall.

The "Expedition Scientifique de Morée" under Blouet in 1829 made a number of excellent drawings of the temple, giving a number of measurements and details which will be considered later.1 A point worthy of notice is seen in the drawing of the ruin in pl. 80 of this work; the last block of the line of architraves on the south side had been broken between the visit of Stuart and that of Blouet, and the parts had become deflected to the precarious condition in which they are found to-day (Fig. 3).

Curtius 2 follows Leake in identifying the ruin as a temple of Athena, and Bursian (c. 1859) also is inclined to the same hypothesis.

Dr. Dörpfeld of the German Archaeological Institute at Athens made in 1886 the first excavations undertaken on this site. He made clear the plan of the temple from excavations at certain points, and discovered interesting details, but found nothing from which the temple could be named; he supposed from the division of the cella into two parts that the building was dedicated to two divinities, the entrances to either chamber being from the corresponding ends of the temple.

The excavations on the site of Corinth by the American School of Classical Studies were begun in the spring of 1896, and it needed only one campaign for the director, Dr. Richardson, to make a plausible guess at the name of the temple. A

1 Cf. Exped. Scientif. de Morée, vol. II, pl. 77-80.

2 Cf. Curtius, Pelopon. vol. II, p. 532.

3 Cf. Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, vol. II, p. 16.

4 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, pp. 297 ff.

FIGURE 3.PRESENT CONDITION (1901)

OF THE WEST END OF THE TEMPLE AT CORINTH.

paved roadway was found1 leading from the direction of the Corinthian Gulf toward the Acrocorinth and passing to the east of the Old Temple. It was conjectured that the Agora described by Pausanias lay a short distance up this road from the point where it was first tapped opposite the Old Temple, and then a road leading from the Agora to Sicyon would leave the Old Temple on the right, which would make it appear to be the temple of Apollo mentioned by Pausanias in his description.2 Subsequent excavations have made this conjecture practically certain, and from the evidence given by Dr. Richardson we may rest assured that this was truly the temple of Apollo. Pausanias does not describe the temple, but simply mentions the fact that there was a bronze statue of the god there. The worship of Apollo at Corinth is known at an early date, for in the time of Periander (Herod. III, 52) oaths of fidelity were sworn in his name.

Dr. Dörpfeld had considered that no further excavation of the site of the temple was necessary, but in 1898 the work of completely clearing the site was begun,5 and in 1899 completed, with the exception of a few late walls of buildings which were removed in the spring of 1901. The only unexcavated portion at present is at the northeast corner under the wall of the uncompleted, roofless schoolhouse which was begun in 1858 and left unfinished when the earthquake destroyed the village in that year. The photograph of the site in the American Journal of Archaeology, vol. IV, 1900, p. 462, shows the condition of the ruin just before the last-mentioned walls were removed, whereas the accompanying photograph (PLATE II) shows its present condition. The completion of the excavation of the site gave the satisfaction that nothing of importance could

1 Cf. Am. J. Arch. I, 1897, p. 464.

2 Cf. Pausanias, II, 3, 5: ἑτέραν δὲ ἐκ τῆς ἀγορᾶς τὴν ἐπὶ Σικυῶνα ἐρχομένοις ἔστιν ἰδεῖν ἐν δεξιᾷ τῆς ὁδοῦ ναὸς καὶ ἄγαλμα χαλκοῦν ̓Απόλλωνος, καὶ ὀλίγον ἀπωτέρω κρήνη καλουμένη Γλαύκης.

3 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, pp. 458 and 474.

4 L.c. p. 300.

Am. J. Arch. II, 1898, p. 501.

6 Ibid. III, 1899, p. 682.

7 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. V, 1901, p. 30.

escape, and also furnished many additional details of interest. The plan (PLATE III) was made in the spring of 1901, and at that time I ascended to the architraves by means of ropes and ladders and made an examination of the upper part of the building, something that Dr. Dörpfeld was unable to do.1

The temple of Apollo at Corinth, as has been seen, was situated to the west of the road leading from the market-place northwards to Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and north of the road leading westwards from the market-place to Sicyon. It was thus just northwest of the market-place and at some elevation above it, for at this point there is an outcropping of the natural rock which formed a solid platform for the foundation of the temple. From this height a view could be obtained of the busy streets in the immediate foreground to the east and south of the temple. The ground slopes away from the temple in every direction except toward the west, and in this direction at a little distance was found the fountain of Glauce,2 the chambers of which were hewn out of the natural rock belonging to the same stratum as that of the platform of the temple. The slopes to the south and east were flanked by colonnades and porticos in both the Greek and Roman periods,3 and these stoas, rising in terraces above the streets, formed a decorative base for the temple which severely and majestically surmounted its more ornate environment.

Immediate access from the market-place to the temple was gained at the southeastern corner of the platform, for here a broad staircase was constructed which conducted pedestrians to the eastern end or front of the temple.

The slope of the rock forming the platform is from the west toward the east, so that toward the east the foundation walls for the peristyle and walls of the cella had to be built up to a considerable height. The highest point of natural rock is found between the third and fourth columns of the western end, and

1 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, p. 304, no. 1.

2 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, p. 458.

3 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. VI, 1902, p. 19.