Lycian year began on the first of Dios (January 1), as did also the Sidonian year.

Navigation of the Save. - In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VIII, 1905, pp. 139– 141, C. PATSCH shows that the navigation of the Save was by no means given up in Roman Imperial times.

Coins of Lower Moesia. In J. Int. Arch. Num. VII, 1904, pp. 5-10, A. D. KERAMOPOULOS adds thirteen copper coins — now in the Numismatic Museum at Athens - to the known coinage of Moesia Inferior. Five are of Callatis, three of Dionysopolis, five of Marcianopolis. In the coin of Macrinus and Diadumenianus (Pick, Die Ant. Münzen v. Dacien u. Moesien, 777, pl. xix, 12) the object in the left hand of the figure is a sceptre.

The Campana Collection. In R. Arch. V, 1905, pp. 57–92, S. REINACH continues his sketch of the history of the Campana collection (see Am. J. Arch. 1905, p. 198) with an account of the arrival of the monuments at Paris, their installation as Musée Napoléon III in the Palais de l'Industrie, and the criticisms and intrigues that ensued. Ibid. pp. 208-240, the transfer of the greater part of the collection to the Louvre and the lamentable scattering of some of the paintings and other objects among provincial museums (318 paintings were distributed in 1863 among 67 cities) are recounted with free use of documents. Ibid. pp. 343-364 (fig.), the fate of the Campana coins, some of which are now in the Capitoline Museum, the purchase of seventy-five (seventy-seven) Greek vases by the Belgian government, and the history of the Madonna of Vallombrosa (now at the Villa de l'Ariana, in Geneva), ascribed to Raphael, are discussed at considerable length. A bibliography closes the whole account.

The Pine Cone as Decoration of a Tube. - With reference to the recent articles in Röm. Mitth. (see Am. J. Arch. 1905, p. 220) on the Vatican pine cone, K. TITTEL, in Rhein. Mus. LX, 1905, pp. 297–306, shows that the pine cone as a decoration for the end of a tube is mentioned by Heron of Alexandria and Philo of Byzantium. Its use must have been generally familiar in Hellenistic times.

EGYPT

Egyptian Chronology. A discussion of Egyptian chronology by EDUARD MEYER (Aegyptische Chronologie, Abh. Berl. Akad. 1904, 212 pp.; 4 pls. 4to, Berlin, Reimer) leads to the following results:- Introduction of the Egyptian calendar in Lower Egypt, July 19, 4241 B.C., Menes about 3315 B.C., Snefru about 2840 B.C., the fourth dynasty from 2840 to 2680 B.C., the fifth dynasty from 2680 to 2540 B.C.; the twelfth dynasty began between 2000 and 1997 B.C., the New Empire about 1580 B.C. The rule of the Hyksos was between 1680 and 1580 B.C. Dates assigned to individual kings are: Amenophis I and Thothmes I, 1557-01; Amenophis III, 1415–1380; Rameses II, 1300-1234; Rameses III, 1200-1179. These dates are very different from those formerly accepted, and are important not only for Egyptian chronology, but also for that of the early civilizations of the Aegean, which is based upon Egyptian chronology.

Sothis and Lunar Dates. In Orient. Litt. Zeit. January, 1905, cols. 6-11, E. MAHLER defends his use of lunar datings as a means of fixing the chronology of early Egyptian history, and shows that his conclusions for the twelfth dynasty correspond with those reached on the basis of the Sothis dating of the papyrus Rheinhardt. Meyer, in his recent Egyptian chro

nology, puts the first year of Amenemhat I between 2000 and 1997 B.C. Mahler on lunar datings reaches the year 1995 B.C.

Reunion of the Family in the Egyptian Hades. — In R. Tr. Ég. Ass. 1904, pp. 67–73, J. BAILET gives a translation, with commentary, of a chapter of the Book of the Dead, according to the sarcophagi of Sepa and Afra.

Occurrence of the Name Abram in Egyptian. In the Am. J. of Semitic Languages, 1904, No. 1, J. H. BREASTED discusses the buildings of Sheshonk I at Karnak and his list of the names of conquered places. Among these he finds p'-hw-k-rw '-b'-r'-m; that is, "the Field of Abram.”

The Mastaba of Akhouthotep. — In Gaz. B.-A. XXXIII, 1905, pp. 177-192 (pl.; 8 figs.) G. BÉNÉDITE describes the mastaba of Akhouthotep, a great man of the latter part of the fifth dynasty, which has been brought from Saqqarah and recently set up in the Louvre. The relief decorations are fine examples of their class.

Magic and Enchantment. In Der alte Orient, 1905, IV, A. WIEDEMANN gives an account of the incantations and magical formulae of the ancient Egyptians as these are known to us from extant fragments.

The Enclosure of King Samou or Seshmou at El-Kab. - The Strobart Stele, in the museum at Liverpool, which mentions the wall of a pre-dynastic king Samou, is published with a commentary and a discussion of the identification of this monarch by G. LEGRAIN in S. Bibl. Arch. 1905, iii, pp. 106–111.

Translation of the Report of Wenamon. Near the end of the twentieth dynasty Wenamon was sent by Hrihor, High-priest of Thebes, to procure cedar wood from Lebanon. The report of his experiences is a unique source of information in regard to the relations of Egypt to Syria about 1100 B.C. A new critical translation of this document is given by J. H. BREASTED in Am. J. of Semitic Languages, January, 1905, pp. 100–109. The Eleventh Dynasty. - In Am. J. of Semitic Languages, January, 1905, pp. 110-114, and April, pp. 163-166, J. H. BREASTED discusses the order of the kings of the eleventh dynasty of Egypt. Ibid. April, pp. 159–162, G. C. PIER publishes a new historical stela of the Intefs. On the basis of this and other recent data, Breasted concludes that the correct order of the kings of the eleventh dynasty is as follows: Intef I, Intef II, Mentuhotep I, Intef III, Mentuhotep II, Mentuhotep III, Mentuhotep IV.

The Keftiu-Fresco. - The fresco with representations of Keftiu, in the tomb of Senmut, at Thebes, in Egypt, is published in Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. X, 1903-04, pp. 154–157 (2 figs.), by H. R. HALL, from a photograph.

Egyptian Ploughs. In Ann. Brit. Sch. Ath. X, 1903-04, pp. 127-143 (20 figs.), HEINRICH SCHÄFER publishes an ancient Egyptian plough from Thebes, now in the museum in Berlin, and incidentally describes, with some discussion, other agricultural implements.

Bas-reliefs of the Sphinx. — In R. Arch. V, 1905, pp. 169–179 (9 figs.), ALEXIS MALLON (S.J.) publishes a bas-relief from Luxor, now at the Collège de la Sainte-Famille at Cairo. A sphinx is represented, from whose breast projects a crocodile's head, and about whose head are heads of the ibis, cynocephalus, jackal, lion, cow, crocodile, hawk, and ram. Beneath each foot is an uraeus, and the tail ends in an uraeus. The winged disk and the disk and crescent are above the sphinx's back. Six more or less similar reliefs in the Egyptian Museum at Cairo are also

published. All are of Roman date. Comparison with coins of Trajan and Hadrian makes it probable that the reliefs belong to Hadrian's time, and represent Egypt with its gods, a pantheistic divinity.

The God with the Bourgeons. — In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1905, pp. 121–125 (12 figs.), É. GUIMET discusses a series of figurines representing a young deity with two bourgeons, buds, or rudimentary horns on his head. This deity appears to be a combination of Harpocrates and the infant Horus. M. REVILLOUT suggests that he may be a form of Khons Lunus.

An Ostracon from Thebes. - In B.C.H. XXIX, 1905, pp. 257 f., Tн. REINACH prints the ostracon relating to Anacharsis (Am. J. Arch. 1905, p. 98) as seven iambic trimeters with a few irregularities.

Graeco-Roman Houses and House Decoration in the Fayoum.— Two houses in villages in the Fayoum, with the frescoed walls of one of them and three framed pictures for hanging on the walls, are described and illustrated by O. RUBENSOHN in Jb. Arch. 1. XX, 1905, pp. 1-25 (3 pls.; 18 cuts). They date from the second or early third century after Christ. The plan and details are startlingly modern. A staircase, with a closet under it and with two square turns, leads to the second story from beside the front door. Brick is the main material, with wood and stone for strengthening or trimming, and the houses seem to have lasted in use for as much as two centuries. The plastered walls of one room were painted first in a brickand-mortar pattern, which was afterward covered by a scheme of plain surfaces with panels and figures, and with figures also in the niches. The three pictures for hanging, one of which still had the hempen cord and the wooden peg as well as the frame when found, are painted on wood in tempera and possibly with some wax color. They are the work of ordinary village artists, but one of them shows remarkable skill in the use of color effects. These three pictures, with a fourth now in London, are the only known examples of such decoration in ancient houses.

Ancient Counterfeit Coins at Alexandria. In J. Int. Arch. Num. VII, 1904, pp. 311-316, E. D. J. DUTILH describes the ancient plated coins known to him at Alexandria, viz. two tetradrachms of Athens (525-430 B.C.), one octodrachm of Sidon (359-338 B.C.), two tetradrachms of Philip III (323. 316 B.C.), nine of Alexander IV (316. 311 B.C.), two of Ptolemy II (305. 284. 284-?), a coin of Ptolemy I and Ptolemy II (Brit. Mus. Cat. p. 21, Nos. 68-69) or Ptolemy II (Svoronos, Monn. de l'Emp. des Ptolemées, pl. vii; No. 10), one tetradrachm each of Ptolemy VIII (170. 168 B.C.) and Ptolemy X (117-81 B.C.). Such coins were probably made to pass on foreigners.

Coins of the Egyptian Nomoi. — In J. Int. Arch. Num. VII, 1904, pp. 177-202 (pl.), G. DATTARI discusses recent articles on coins of the Egyptian nomoi struck under the Roman emperors, and supports his previous opinion (R. It. Num. XIV, 2, 1901) that the coins of this series originated in consequence of the issue of other coins intended to commemorate Augustus when he received the title of Augustus; they were not intended to perpetuate the gratitude of the Egyptians to the emperors for the remission of dues to the fiscus nor to celebrate the decennalia of the emperors. They were intended for use as coins.

BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA

Vocabulary of the Sumerian Language. In J. Am. Or. S. XXV, pp. 49-67, J. D. PRINCE outlines the reasons for believing Sumerian to be a real language and attempts to explain the large number of meanings for each sign by the theory that it was originally a tone language.

Phonetic Value of the Signs in Sumerian.— In J. Asiat. 1905, pp. 105– 129, M. C. FOSSEY calls attention to a peculiarity of the Sumerian writing. In order to indicate which one of the many possible phonetic values of a sign is to be selected a second sign of synonymous meaning is affixed to it. Which phonetic value should be given to a particular sign to correspond with one of its many meanings may be determined, to some degree, by the homophones given in the so-called syllabaries. A list of 205 more or less complete homophones is given which serve to determine the phonetic values which belong to signs in particular meanings.

Kassite Kings of Babylon. — In Orient. Litt. Zeitung, March, 1905, cols. 93-95, G. HUSING discusses the correct forms of the names of the Kassite kings of the third dynasty of Babylon.

Old Babylonian Method of dating Years. In Orient. Litt. Zeitung, January, 1905, pp. 1-6, F. E. PEISER publishes a tablet of the period of Ammiditana designed to give official information as to the way in which the year of its publication should be designated. From this he infers that some central authority established the official names for the years and sent out notifications to all parts of the Babylonian world. These names of years were subsequently gathered together in the lists that have come down in such numbers from the old Babylonian period. The similar tablet published in Pal. Ex. Fund, April, 1900, p. 123, as found in the Lebanon, he regards as really of Babylonian origin.

Bowl-divination among the Babylonians.

Bowl-divination in Baby

lonia is discussed by J. HUNGER in Litt. Centralblatt, 1904, No. 48. Babylonian Measures. In R. Tr. Ég. Ass. 1904, iii, iv, L. J. DelaPORTE discusses the metric system of the period of the first dynasty of Ur, coming to the conclusion that one GAR equals twelve U.

Tablets of the Period of Urukagina. — In R. Tr. Ég. Ass. 1904, iii, iv, A. DE LA FUYE describes certain peculiarities in the script of tablets of the period of Urukagina at Shirpurla.

Cylinder A of Gudea.- A commentary on cylinder A of Gudea, king of Lagash in Southern Babylonia, is given by F. THUREAU-DANGIN in Z. Assyr. 1904, pp. 119-141.

Business Accounts. -In Z. Assyr. 1905, pp. 245–256, L. J. DELAPORTE publishes in facsimile, transcription, and translation, with commentary, ten tablets of the earliest Babylonian period containing lists of articles furnished to various temples. The tablets are important for the light that they throw upon certain technical expressions.

The Name of Nineveh and the Goddess Nina. In S. Bibl. Arch. 1905, pp. 69–79, T. G. PINCHES describes some archaic Babylonian tablets from Telloh, in which mention is made of offerings of fish to the goddess Nina and also to Ishtar. This seems to identify Nina with Ishtar, the goddess of Nineveh, and explains the origin of the fish in the ideogram for the name of the city. One of the tablets is reproduced in the article.

The Archaic Arch at Nippur. In the Transactions of the Department of Archaeology (Free Museum of Science and Art, University of Pennsylvania), I, iii, 1905, pp. 227-235 (2 pls.; 5 figs.), CLARENCE S. FISHER discusses the early arch found in 1894 at Nippur. It is very irregularly constructed, and, therefore, less important than has been supposed.

An Inscribed Axe-head in New York. An axe-head of banded agate with an inscription in archaic linear Babylonian script was purchased by Cardinal Stefano Borgia in the eighteenth century. It subsequently came into the possession of Count Tyszkiewicz, and upon his death was purchased by Tiffany & Co. of New York. Mr. J. P. Morgan has lately presented it to the Metropolitan Museum of New York. In Am. J. of Semitic Languages, April, 1905, pp. 173-178, I. M. PRICE discusses this unique object and translates the inscription thus: "The inscription of Ad-dug-ish, the Governor, to the god Shamash, his benefactor."

The Sign ILU. -In the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, January, 1905, T. G. PINCHES discusses the use of the sign ILU in Babylonian divine names. Babylonian Legal Procedure. — In Der alte Orient, 1905, i, B. MEISSNER gives a succinct account of the sources of our knowledge of old Babylonian law and a description of criminal and civil procedure, sale of real estate, slaves, laws in regard to trade, rental, hiring, loans, commissions, deposits, etc., and of the laws referring to family relations. At the close there is an account of the code of Hammurabi.

The Code of Hammurabi. -In Rec. Past, April, 1905, pp. 98-118 (5 figs.), MAX KELLNER describes, discusses, and analyzes the code of Hammurabi. He concludes that this code and the Covenant Code are ultimately derived from the same origin, but that this code also influenced the Covenant Code. In J. Am. Or. S. XXV, pp. 248–278, D. G. LYON attempts to show that the code of Hammurabi is arranged on a twofold classification: first, property; and second, persons. He gives an analysis of the code and notes on its translation.

Interpolation of the Name of Asshur in the Epic of MardukTiamat. — In the S. Bibl. Arch. 1905, i, pp. 7–12 (see ibid. XXVI, p. 282), H. H. HOWORTH maintains that An Shar in the Babylonian creation tablets is simply an artificial form for Asshur, and that the place which this god occupies in the tablets shows that they were written by an Assyrian scribe with the desire to make prominent the great god of Assyria. The creation epic is an Assyrian composition, and it is from a much later period than has been commonly supposed, although, of course, the traditional material on which it is based is of ancient Babylonian origin.

History of Sennacherib's Reign. In Der alte Orient, 1905, iii, O. WEBER describes the reign of Sennacherib in the light of the most recent archaeological investigations. The article contains a discussion of Sennacherib's attack upon Jerusalem and investigation of the question as to whether or no there were two expeditions against Jerusalem.

Shamashshumukin, the Elder Son of Esarhaddon. - In J. Am. Or. S. XXV, pp. 79–83, C. JOHNSTON presents the evidence that shows that Shamashshumukin was the elder son of Asshurbanipal, and that he owed his deposition from the throne of Assyria to a successful revolution carried through by the anti-Babylonian party which put the younger son, Asshurbanipal, the son of an Assyrian mother, on the throne of Assyria.