character of the monuments.1 Mr. W. J. Armstrong,2 however, notes that the "Mound-builders" are barely rescued by mound and pot from the status of the familiar Indian. The celebrated "Lansing skeleton," which was discovered in 1902 in Eastern Kansas, has aroused much discussion.3 Professor G. Frederick Wright and Mr. Warren Upham allow an approximate age of twelve thousand years; the latter calls it of late Glacial Age. Dr. S. D. Peet considers it post-Glacial, but very ancient. Professor Wright compares a late Glacial epoch, such as one of twelve thousand years ago, with the established antiquity of man in the valleys of the Nile and Euphrates rivers. Professor William H. Holmes visited the site, in company with Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Professor R. D. Salisbury, Professor S. Calvin, Dr. E. Haworth, Dr. G. A. Dorsey, and Mr. M. C. Long. He says: "I find it difficult to come to any other conclusion than that the human remains under consideration are properly classed as of post-glacial age, interpreting that term to cover all time subsequent to the final retreat of the ice from the region south of the Great Lakes." Dr. Aleš Hrdlička: "The Lansing skeleton' is practically identical with the typical male skeleton of a large majority of the present Indians of the Middle and Eastern states." "M. B." in L'Anthropologie: "D'ailleurs les ossements humains offrent tous les caractères de ceux des Indiens modernes." A discussion as to the provenance of copper found in the mounds assumed a general character, instigated by the views 1 Ohio Arch. and Hist. Quar. vol. XIII, no. 1, January, 1904, p. 96. 2 Ibid. vol. XIV, no. 1, January, 1905, p. 38. 3 Cf. S. W. Williston, Science, August 1, 1902, and Proc. Int. Congress of Americanists, New York, 1902, pp. 85 ff. Warren Upham, Science, August 29, 1902; Am. Geologist, September, 1902; Rec. Past, vol. I, pt. IX, September, 1902, pp. 273 ff.; Am. Anthrop. N. S. 4, 1902, pp. 566 ff. N. H. Winchell, Am. Geologist, September, 1902. T. C. Chamberlin, Jour. of Geology, October and November, 1902. S. D. Peet, Am. Antiq. vol. XXIV, 1902, p. 420. Ibid. vol. XXV, 1903, p. 69. W. H. Holmes, Am. Anthrop. N. S. 4, 1902, pp. 743 ff. A. Hrdlička, Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, 1903, pp. 323 ff. G. F. Wright, Rec. Past, vol. II, pt. IV, April, 1903, pp. 119 ff. "M. B.," L'Anthropologie, 14, 1903, p. 367. 4 Cf. Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, January-March, 1903, papers relating to Mound Copper in the United States; by C. B. Moore (discussion by J. D. McGuire, Mr. or doubts of Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Washington. McGuire's thesis may be partially stated thus, in his own words: "But when copper is found in thin sheets, and those sheets are embossed and ornamented with repoussé work, and when spear-heads are furnished with sockets, and the sockets are furnished with nail holes, we may safely assert that white influences are proven." Other scholars, basing their opinion on experiments made in hammering copper with stone implements, chemical analysis, the known prehistoric provenance of copper from Lake Superior, historical arguments, etc., while not excluding such a theory as that of Mr. McGuire, given above, yet oppose him when he goes further and derives any great proportion of the copper found in the mounds from European sources, or attributes its working to other than aboriginal ingenuity. "M. B.," again in L'Anthropologie, sums the matter up: "La question parait donc devoir être tranchée définitivement en faveur de l'opinion de M. Moore," i.e. contrary to that of Mr. McGuire. 66 IV. TENDENCIES AND CONCLUSIONS The most notable sign of progress during recent years is the gradual addition of new courses of instruction and research in anthropology in American colleges and universities, with the strengthening of those already established.1 Next are to be noted an increased accuracy in field work and in its publication, a lessened haste to print results, and an advance in the systematic study of specimens in laboratories and museums. Again, there is a willingness to let the determination of the origin of the "American Race" lie in abeyance till, by the results of such ethnological researches as those of the Jesup F. W. Putnam, and G. A. Dorsey), W. K. Moorehead, and C. C. Willoughby. Cf. also "Offprint" of the same with "Insert " after p. 48; W. K. Moorehead, Ohio Arch. and Hist. Quar. vol. XII, no. 3, July, 1903, pp. 317 ff., and M. B." L'Anthropologie, XV, 1904, pp. 81-82. 166 1 Cf. Am. Antiq. vol. XXIV, 1902, p. 127, quoting G. G. MacCurdy. North Pacific Expedition and of such archaeological investigations as those of the University of California, of the Carnegie Institution, and of Mr. E. Volk, of Trenton, N.J., sufficient definite facts shall have been collected from tribe, cave, and soil to allow of the building of stable theories. Lastly, we may not pass over the increase in the material ethnological, ethnographical, linguistic, historical, and archaeological, collected concerning the primitive peoples of North and South America. A sign of the times is the interest in this shown by the members of the various Sociétés and Congrès des Américanistes. No epoch-making discoveries mark the period under discussion; its history is a mere record of work done bit by bit, adding evidences of the art and life of vanished or vanishing races. The science has lost by death, among others, the following eminent workers and writers: Frank Hamilton Cushing1 (April 10, 1900), Thomas Wilson 2 (May 4, 1902), John Wesley Powell3 (September 23, 1902), and Frank Russell* (November 7, 1903). June, 1905. CHARLES PEABODY. 1 Cf. Univ. of Pa., Dept. Arch. and Paleont., Free Mus. of Science and Art, Bull. vol. II, no. 4, May, 1900, p. 257; cf. also Reports Bureau Am. Ethnology, 21, 1899-1900, p. xxxv. 2 Cf. Report Smithsonian Inst. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1902, p. 49; cf. also Revue de l'École d'Anthropologie de Paris, 12, 1902, p. 218. 8 Cf. Report Smithsonian Inst. 1903, p. 47; cf. also Jour. de la Soc. des Américanistes de Paris, N. S. T. Ier no. 3, 1904, pp. 339 ff. 4 Cf. Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, 1903, p. 737. 1904 July-December ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS1 SUMMARIES OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES CHIEFLY IN CURRENT PERIODICALS HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS Archaeology at the Historical Congress. Vol. V of the Atti del Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche (Rome, April 1-9, 1903, published by Loescher & Co.) contains the report of the section 'Archaeology.' The special "themes of discussion," treated by Professors Colini, Orsi, Ghirardini, and Pigorini respectively, relate to the Bronze Age in Italy, the distribution of Mycenaean products in Italy, the influence of commerce across the Adriatic upon the Veneto-Illyrian civilization and art, and palethnological atlases, or charts, of Italy. Of the twenty-eight "communications" one only is without connection with Italy, though the reports on the Italian researches in Crete are not concerned with Italian antiquities. A summary of all the articles, many of which are of great interest, would occupy too much space. The volume contains many illustrations. For the table of contents, see the Bibliography, pp. 247 f. The Antithetic Group. In Jb. Arch. I. XIX, 1904 (pp. 27-55; 22 figs.), A. JOLLES discusses the origin of the so-called heraldic grouping in art and the theories that have been advanced on the subject. While the motive occurs at various epochs in Asiatic, Egyptian, and Greek lands, he finds no evidence of borrowing or of race-relationship, nor does he think the scheme had its origin in a special technique or in the requirements of the surface used. Rather, at a certain stage of artistic development, when the first impulse to give outward expression to the creations of the fancy is differ 1 The departments of Archaeological News and Discussions and of Bibliography of Archaeological Books are conducted by Professor FOWLER, Editor-in-charge, assisted by Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, Professor HARRY E. BURTON, Professor JAMES C. EGBERT, Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, Dr. GEORGE N. OLCOTT, Professor JAMES M. PATON, and the Editors, especially Professor MARQUAND. No attempt is made to include in this number of the JOURNAL material published after January 1, 1905. For an explanation of the abbreviations, see pp. 145, 146. entiated into a desire to record real events, a purely decorative feeling, and a renewed study of nature, the principle of symmetry may naturally, with any people, become an important part of the decorative development. History of the Campana Collection. In R. Arch. IV, 1904, pp. 179– 200, S. REINACH begins a sketch of the history of the remarkable Campana collection with an account of the life of Gian Pietro Campana (later Marchese Campana di Cavelli), his connection, through his wife, with Napoleon III, his rise to wealth and power at Rome, his career as a collector and a patron of art and learning, and his fall, in 1857, due to excessive borrowing from the Monte di Pietà, of which he was general director. Ibid. pp. 363-384, the story of the repeated efforts to obtain the collection for the Louvre, of the acquisition by the South Kensington Museum of certain objects from the Campana collection and the Gigli collection, of the purchase of much of the Campana collection by the Russian government, and of the remainder, with some additions, by the French government, is narrated. Man-eating Beasts. -In R. Arch. IV, 1904, pp. 138 f. (fig.), S. R. adds six monuments to his list of representations of man-eating beasts. Cf. Revue Celtique, 1904, p. 208. Jewish Inscriptions from Aden. — In the Sitzb. Akad. d. Wissenschaften, Vienna, 1904, III, 30 pp. (1 pl.; 8 figs.), H. P. CHAJES publishes sixteen Jewish inscriptions and discusses others, all from Aden. They are dated by the Seleucid era, and to the dates, as written, two thousand must be added, for the inscriptions are of the sixteenth century and later. Six Jewish-Indian inscriptions are also published. Altars with Subterranean Chambers. — In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VII, 1904, pp. 239-244 (2 figs.), FRANZ STUDNICZKA publishes an appendix to his article (ibid. VI, pp. 123–186; cf. Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 297) on altars with subterranean chambers. He adds to his list of monuments a painting on a Campanian vase (WALTERS, Catalogue of the Greek and Etruscan Vases in the British Museum, IV, pl. 8), and criticises the arguments and conclusions of E. PETERSEN (Comitium, Rostra, Grab des Romulus; cf. Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 489) in regard to the dates of the so-called grave of Romulus and monuments connected with it. A cut shows the top of the block from Thasos, on which is the relief of Apollo and the Nymphs, giving the positions of the lever holes. Sogdianus, King of the Persians. — In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 385392, J. OPPERT shows that his identification of the king mentioned in an inscription copied by Father Scheil at Moussoul and published in Maspero's Recueil d'égyptologie with Sogdianus, son of Artaxerxes Longomanus, is correct. Father Scheil's opposing views are refuted. EGYPT A New Palette of Schist.-In Mon. Mém. Acad. Insc. (Fondation Piot) X, pp. 105–122 (pl.; 13 figs.), GEORGES BÉNÉDITE publishes and discusses a so-called palette of schist, recently acquired by the Louvre. It is said to have come from Damanhour, and apparently, judging from its patina, it has been for years above ground, perhaps serving as a sort of charm or amulet. It is very well preserved and of exceptionally fine workmanship. On one side is the regular circle, and about it four dogs, a long-legged bird, |