tereaque putes ritu par esse Gigantum.' The development of meaning is: equal – fair right; cf. aecumst, 5, 226.

6

190. genus servant, preserve their kind,' i.e. are true to the law of their development; 4, 686, eoque modo servantur saecla ferarum,' and 2, 709. — noscere possis, didactic; see on 3, 117.

6

Içi. quicque: d is assimilated before the guttural, Lindsay, 448, but the classical spelling is quidque: Brambach s.v. Reichenhart, Jahrb. 121, 846, notices that L. puts the reflexive immediately after quisque in six places : 191, 215; 3, 611; 4, 522; 5, 923; 6, 985; but 2, 454, se glomeramina quaeque. — grandescere is an agricultural word: 2, 1160, quae (pabula laeta) nunc vix nostro grandescunt aucta labore'; 2, 1122, quaecumque vides hilaro grandescere adauctu; Col. 2, 21, ut potius in area et in acervo quam in agro grandescant frumenta.' Cf. the use of grandis in Cic. Orat. 2, 131, 'ut agro non semel arato sed [novato et] iterato, quo meliores fetus possit et grandiores edere.' See Nettleship, J. Phil. 7, 170, on the supposed relationship of grandis and gradus, and cf. 2, 1122-1123. For the elision, see on 337. — alique: cf. 1, 804, 'e terra res omnis crescere alique'; 2, 551, 'procrescere alique.' This word in its different forms occurs, with elision of the vowel of the word preceding, in 229, where it is in the first foot, and in 812, 883; 2, 546; 3, 64, where it occurs in the fifth and sixth ; it stands in the sixth foot with que in 1, 859; 5, 322, 1, 56; in the fifth and sixth without elision in 1, 816; 4, 630; in the fifth without elision in 2, 1156; 4, 1068; in the first in 5, 220; in the first and second in 1, 254.

192. No rains would be needed.—huc accedit, 'furthermore'; prosaic; 2, 1077; 1, 215, 565; 2, 398; 3, 459, etc. Vt (uti) after accedit is necessary when the subordinate clause does not describe a fact; otherwise quod is more common: Dr. II, § 386; L. does not have quod (Polle, A V. 21). The phrase usually joins paragraphs or long arguments in L.- certis, coming at definite seasons. imbribus: 2, 929, 'intempestivos quom putor cepit ob imbris'; 1, 250, 'postremo pereunt imbres, ubi eos pater aether | in gremium matris terrai praecipitavit '; 2, 222, ‘imbris guttae.’

193. laetificos is an ancient and poetical word: Enn. Sc. 152, 'vites laetificae pampinis pubescere.'- fetus: 253, 'crescunt ipsae (arbores) fetuque gravantur'; 351, 'crescunt arbusta et fetus in tempore fundunt'; but 2, 358, 'conspicere amissum fetum.' The prevailing reference in L. is to the products of the earth; so of grain, 6, 1.— submittere, on 8.- tellus: but 1032, 'solis terra vapore | fota novet fetus.' Cf. Hor. CS. 29, fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus | spicea donet Cererem corona; | nutriant fetus et aquae salubres | et Iovis aurae.'

194. The principal caesura is hepthemimeral. The rhyme porro. . . cibo is accidental; it is common between the closing words of a line divided by caes. semiquinaria see on 3, 6.- secreta: 2, 912, nec manus a nobis potis est secreta neque ulla corporis omnino sensum pars sola tenere'; 2, 842, 'sed ne forte putes solo spoliata colore | corpora prima manere, etiam secreta teporis | sunt,' where spoliata and secreta correspond; this seems to be a Lucretian usage. Cf. the parallel expression in 1, 1038, 'nam veluti privata cibo natura animantum | diffluit amittens corpus.'-cibo is used repeatedly for 'sustenance,' e.g. 350, 352; of the stars, 5, 524. – natura animantum = animantes; on 3, 43. Notice the elision and see on 350.

195. propagare, on 20. The first syllable is long also in 5, 850, where it occurs in the second foot; elsewhere (1, 20, 280; 2, 173, 997) it is short and occurs in the

fifth foot but in 5, 856, propagando procudere prolem. The word is not used by Virgil, Ovid, or Horace, and was avoided by the poets; it is quoted by Forc. only from L. and Claud. De laud. Stil. 1, 373, 'hi propagandi,' also in the first foot. Propago occurs three times in L. and in every case in the fifth and sixth feet (1, 42; 4, 997; 5, 1027); so in Aen. 6, 871. — tueri, rare in L. in the meaning 'preserve,' the common meaning in classic Latin; e.g. Cic. Off. I, II, 'principio generi animantium omni est a natura tributum ut se vitam corpusque tueatur.' In the 29 instances in which L. uses this verb in this form or in the forms of the third conjugation it means 'protect' or 'preserve' in but three, viz. 1, 195; 5, 74, 1408.

196. ut: sc. his consideratis adduceris ut, etc.—– potius, 'with greater truth'; preferably as a matter of fact.-multis . . . rebus, interlocked; he might have written potius communia multis corpora rebus, which would have been unrhythmic; cf. 377, id falsa totum ratione. - corpora, as constructive elements.- rebus: the

dat. is the usual construction, but in 3, 325, 'communibus inter se radicibus.'

197. multa seems emphasized by its position; cf. culta, 209; nullius, 224; omnia, 232; rem, 264. — verbis (communia) elementa: one of his homely illustrations, repeated in 912, 'quo pacto verba (ignes, lignum) quoque ipsa | inter se paulo mutatis sunt elementis'; 824, 'multa elementa vides multis communia verbis,' repeated in 2, 689. He afterwards shows that the atoms are limited in form, but infinite in number. The same illustration occurs in Cic. ND. 2, 93; cf. Arist. Gen. et Corr. 1, 2, 5, ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν γὰρ τραγῳδία καὶ κωμῳδία γίνεται γραμμάτων; Diels, Elementum, 14, attributes it to Leucippus and Democritus. The expression στοιχεῖον does not occur in the genuine fragments of Epicurus although its use as a technical term began with Plato; see Diels, pp. 8, 19, and BPW. 20, 757. Doubtless the synonymous use of στοιχεία = elementa = litterae and atomi made this illustration weighty with the ancients.- elementa = 'letters' also in 5, 1445, nec multo priu' sunt elementa reperta.' - videmus = manifestum est, an appeal to common observation; on

3, 153.

198. 'You are safer in thinking things have elements in common, than in thinking that anything is produced without elements.' — principiis, not primordiis; on 55. - ullam, for the sentence is negative by suggestion. - rem ex . . . harsh elision; 150 n. — existere: 'come into being'; 5, 69, 'tum quae tellure animantes | extiterint'; 3, 532, 621.

199. Another argument extending to 207: 'nature does not produce giants and immortals, because the matter for producing things is definite and unchanging.'denique introduces another argument, as frequently; cf. 238 and postremo, 208, 250; denique, 305; postremo, 322; denique, 358. For cur following denique, see on 3, 476. — natura = creative nature; 56 n.-parare: 4, 785, omnia sub verbone creat natura paratque'; 6, 31, 'seu casu seu vi quod sic natura parasset.' Wakef. proposed parire.

200. Alliteration of ppppp. This scheme occurs but three times (with p, e, and t). non potuit: 'so far been unable.' — pontum : 'the deep sea,' although in L, it does not usually have this connotation, being merely poetical for mare. — per occurs 309 times in L. (Polle, Jahrb. 101, 217).—vada: as if they could wade through the deep as Polyphemus did (Aen. 3, 664, graditurque per aequor | iam medium, necdum fluctus latera ardua tinxit'). Cf. also L. 5, 913, 'aut hominem tanto mem

LVCRETIVS — 20

brorum esse impete natum, | trans maria alta pedum nisus ut ponere posset'; Aen. 10, 763, 'quam magnus Orion, | cum pedes incedit medii per maxuma Nerei | stagna viam scindens.' Bern. comp. Hor. C. 1, 3, 24, non tangenda rates transiliunt vada.' 201. Note the alliteration.-magnos: 'vast,' a frequent epithet of mountains; 4, 138; 5, 41, montes magnos silvasque profundas'; 6, 191, 490; 1, 897; 5, 824, 946, 1244; 6, 786; Catull. 64, 281, 'quos Thessala magnis | montibus ora creat.'-divellere: wrench apart'; 6, 122, 'divolsa repente | maxima dissiluisse capacis moenia mundi.' Otus and Ephialtes prepared to pile Ossa on Olympus and Pelion on Ossa. Also Polyphemus, Odyss. ι, 481, ἧκε δ ̓ ἀπορρήξας κορυφὴν ὅρεος μεγάλοιο. L. 5,915, 'et manibus totum circum se vertere caelum.'

202. Note the alliteration and cf. 3, 948, 'omnia si pergas vivendo vincere saecla.' — vivendo: on 3, 948. — vitalia: here 'full of life,' an unusual meaning; cf. on 3, 99. The entire line, as Lamb. says, diu vivere, vitalia saecla being 'life times';

=

M. would have it mean the number of years over which a life, probably a human life, extends. - vincere: on 3, 948. - saecla: on 3, 629.- The reference is to such cases as that of Tithonus.

203. materies: metr. gr. for materia: 58 n. — reddita, 'set apart,'' allotted'; 2, 512, 'sed rebus reddita certa | finis utrimque tenet suminam'; 2, 757, 'si nulla coloris principiis est reddita natura.' Serv. on Aen. 3, 333, regnorum reddita cessit | pars Heleno, reddita more veteri pro data accipiendum,' thus showing archaic usage. Aen. 12, 817, una superstitio superis quae reddita divis'; Cic. ND. 1, 103, aetheriis ignibus altissima ora reddatur.' L. has reddita fifteen times and only in the first and fifth feet; movere and moveri and creatur and creantur only at the close (Jessen, Zu L. Leb. u. Dicht. 60). — certa, 'unchanging.'

204. gignundis: always in L. for gignendis; cf. on 59.- constat: 'is fixed.' — quid possit oriri: 75 n.

205. Br. and Giuss. transfer 205-207 to follow 214, after the suggestion of Bock. and Stürenberg (p. 23). The clause 205-207 certainly makes a good conclusion of this general argument: yet if Lucretius could have well put 205-207 after 214, there is no evidence that he did so. Bern, says the argument is the weakest and so follows as a sort of corollary. Susemihl, Phil. 44, 61, thinks the only argument for the change would be as strong for rejecting 250-264, because postremo follows denique ; cf. 199, 208, with 238, 250. Woltjer, Mnem. 24, 68, ván d. Valk, 51, and Pascal, Stud. 12 also oppose the transfer. - fatendumst: didactic and frequent, e.g. 462, cf. 399.-Lact. De Ira, 10, ' denique Lucretius, quasi oblitus atomorum, quos asserebat, ut redargueret eos, qui dicunt ex nihilo fieri omnia, his argumentis usus est, quae contra ipsum valerent. sic enim dixit: nam si de nihilo fierent, ex omnibus rebus omne genus nasci posset: nil semine egeret [159]. item postea, nil igitur fieri de nilo posse fatendumst, | semine quando opus est rebus, quo quaeque creatae | aeris in teneras possint proferrier auras. Quis hunc putet habuisse cerebrum, cum haec diceret, nec videret sibi esse contraria'? But Lact. overlooked the subjunctive in the first passage.

-

206. semine emphatic word. — opus est: 6, 1081, 'nec tibi tam longis opus est ambagibus'; Cic. Fam. 9, 25, 3, ‘auctoritate tua nobis opus est'; Roby, 1255. — quo . . creatae: 4, 552 (543), 'levor levore creatur'; 1, 169. Quo, as Bock. remarks, represents certo (certo igitur opus est semine).

207. aeris auras: on 3, 222.-teneras, 'soft'; 2, 146, 'aera per tenerum' and Aen. 9, 699, Ov. M. 4, 616; Enn. Ann. 21, 'per teneras caliginis auras.' — possint, Lact. and edd.; possent OQ.—proferrier: 'bring themselves forth'; for the ending see on 3, 67.

208. postremo: 250, 322, 384; 2, 371, 408, 456, etc.- quoniam: Pius proposed quando unnecessarily; 562,'quoniam refici rem quamque videmus'; 5, 258, 'quoniam dubio procul esse videtur.' — incultis: here only in L. Cic. Rosc. Com. 33, 'ager incultus sine tecto, nunc est cultissimus cum optima villa.' Note the difference between inculta and deserta, 164. — praestare videmus comes in the same metrical position in 358, and praestare elsewhere is the penultimate word: 4, 153; 5, 1179.

209. manibus: abl., = opera hominum, Lamb. M. quotes Cic. Off. 2, 14, 'sine hominum manu atque opera.' Cf. also ND. 2, 151, 'operis hominum, id est, manibus.' The dative, which Giuss. thinks not improbable, is more poetical, but cannot be easily defended. — reddere: Gif. proposed reddier, Lamb. reddi, Bentl. edere.

210. A dactyl closing the second foot is better than a spondee: cf. on 170.— esse videlicet: 2, 469, 'scilicet esse globosa'; 2,871, 'quippe videre licet viros existere vermes,' and often. Pl. Stich. 557, 'videlicet nequam fuisse illum adulescentem'; Rud. 395, nunc eum cum navi scilicet abisse pessum in altum'; Dr. II, § 443; Lindsay, 564. Strangely enough in 2, 809 L. has scire licet ... putandum est for scilicet; see on 3, 229.—primordia, usually in penultimate position. Here again Pascal understands the first aggregation of atoms.

211. Nearly = 5, 210-211.- fecundas: the clods contain the primordia. — glebas: glebae felices is quoted from Apul. M. 1, 1, 7. In general cf. Hor. S. 1, 1, 28, 'terram qui vertit aratro'; Georg. 1, 147, 'Ceres ferro mortalis vertere terram'; Ov. M. 1, 425, 'versis glaebis'; Georg. 3, 525, 'quid vomere terras | invertisse gravis.'

212. terraique solum: 5, 1295, 'ferro coepere solum proscindere terrae,' 1289, 'aere solum terrae tractabant'; 2, 592, 'multis succensa locis ardent sola terrae'; Enn. Ann. 455, 'sola terrarum.' — subigentes is an agricultural word: 'locum subigere oportet bene . . . ubi erit subactus, areas facito,' Cato RR. 161, 1; cf. Col. 3, 5, 3 ; 2, 3, etc.; Ov. M. 11, 31, 'forte boves presso subigebant vomere terram'; Georg. I, 125, ante lovem nulli subigebant arva coloni'; Pliny, 18, 145, ‘solum subigitur autumno.' cimus occurs in this form only here and in 5, 211; cio, cit, ciunt, ciant, ciuntur are quoted from other authors. It is a favorite word with L. as a synonym of moveo and commonly is causative. Cimus ad ortus = facimus nasci et oriri, Lamb.

Cf. the compounds percit, 3, 303; concit, 6, 410; excitur, 2, 327, and on 6, 242. ortus : : 5, 698, 'nec penetrare potest facile atque emergere ad ortus.' 213. nulla: sc. primordia. - labore is often used of agricultural toil: 2, 1160, 'quae nunc vix nostro grandescunt aucta labore,' 1165, 'incassum . . . cecidisse laborem'; 5, 869, 'larga suo sine pabula parta labore'; Georg. I, 118, haec cum sint hominumque boumque labores | versando terram experti.'

214. sponte sua: 5, 212, 'sponte sua nequeant liquidas existere in auras'; 2, 1092, 'ipsa (natura) sua per se sponte omnia dis agere expers'; 2, 1157, 'praeterea nitidas fruges vinetaque laeta | sponte sua primum mortalibus ipsa creavit '; 5, 937, 'quod terra crearat | sponte sua, satis id placabat pectora donum'; 6, 1020, nec ipsa (corpora) | sponte sua sursum possunt consurgere in auras.' L. usually puts these words at the beginning of the line; cf. on 3, 33.- Georg. 2, 10, ‘namque aliae

6

(arbores) nullis hominum cogentibus ipsae | sponte sua veniunt'; id. 500, 'quos rami fructus, quos ipsa volentia rura | sponte tulere sua carpsit.' — meliora : perhaps 'more fruitful.' Human labor would injure, not benefit. —videres: plainly not addressed to Memmius. Woltjer, 13, points out that L. has not proved that things are not made divinitus: the Stoics would grant that all things come from seed, but they make the first cause divinity: προνοητικὸν κόσμου τε καὶ τῶν ἐν κόσμῳ . δημιουργὸν τῶν ὅλων καὶ ὥσπερ πατέρα πάντων . . . δι' δν τὰ πάντα (DL. 7, 147).

...

215-264. 'Nil ad nilum interire. Nature reduces all things into their component bodies; if these parts were mortal, things would wholly disappear, without employment of force to separate them. And if matter were wholly destroyed, whence are things made? Matter must, then, be indestructible. Again, all things would be easily destroyed, if they were not made up of eternal bodies capable of withstanding much force. Matter is not lost; it changes its form in the rain, grain, trees, the increase of men and flocks; things are never completely destroyed.'

215. Huc accedit uti, ‘moreover'; on 192.-quicque: edd. for quicquid. sua refers to quicque: cf. 191.—Cf. in general Epicurus ad Herod. 39, κal el ép0elρετο δὲ τὸ ἀφανιζόμενον εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν, πάντα ἂν ἀπωλώλει τὰ πράγματα, οὐκ ὄντων εἰς ἃ διελύετο.

216. Note the allit. and monosyllabic close. -natura: here the natural course or order of things, as in 2, 224; 1, 322; 2, 23, etc.; seven times in the poem. — interemat: 3, 287, interemant sensum; 2, 1002, nec sic interemit mors res. Brambach recommends spelling interimo, but see M., vol. 1, p. 33. —This principle is the converse of the one established in 159 sq.: cf. 265, 'res quoniam docui non posse creari | de nilo neque item genitas ad nil revocari.' Cic. Div. 2, 37, non ergo omnium interitus atque obitus natura conficiet, et erit aliquid, quod aut ex nihilo oriatur aut in nihilum subito occidat. quis hoc physicus dixit umquam?' Acad. 1, 27, 'materiem quandam . . . interire non in nihilum, sed in suas partes, quae infinite secari ac dividi possint.' Ov. M. 15, 165, omnia mutantur, nihil interit.'

217. siquid: 5, 1334, siquos.—mortale: 1, 1015, mortale genus. -e: supplied by Itali and edd. Br. in Phil. 23, 463 proposed a, comparing Hor. C. 2, 16, 27, ‘nihil est ab omni parte beatum'; but 1, 667, 'scilicet ex nulla facere id si parte reparcent'; 4, 721, laedere . . . ex ulla lumina parte.'- cunctis, not omnibus or totis, with reference to its etymology. E cunctis partibus is a pleonasm for öλws, as Bern. noticed. 218. ex oculis: 856, ex oculis nostris aliqua vi victa perire.'-repente: on 187. — erepta periret, 'would be snatched away to destruction,' M.; note the verse ending. Aen. 1, 88, eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque | Teucrorum ex oculis.'

219. usus = opus: see on 184.—enim: but nam, 217; not uncommon in L., as M. remarks, comparing 2, 749, 751, 753; 3, 754, 756, 757; 5, 7, 13, 14; Cic. Att. 2, 3, 2; 16, 6, 2. Enim here is the fifth word; in 680, 699, 704; 4, 526; 6, 116, it is third; in 6, 1277 ninth; it is usually in the second place, as in I, 112; many examples in Holtze, 189; Woltjer, Mnem. 27, 54 sq. Gif. read ei instead.

220. discidium, Epic. diáкpiois, 2, 120; opposite of concilium, 183; cf. 1, 249; rare in this meaning except in L.—parere: see on 83.-nexus: 244, ‘inter se quia nexus principiorum | dissimiles constant'; cf. 240. Nexus (except in the juristic sense) is poet. and late: cf. Cic, Fin. 1, 19, 'conplexiones et copulationes et adhae