Emblem of wealth in every land, III. A letter from Rome states that Father Mullooley, of the Irish Dominican Convent of St. Clement, at Rome, is prosecu-It ting his subterranean researches under that venerable basilica, and has had the satisfaction to discover a fresco painting illustrative of the life and martyrdom of the saint, accompanied by many details of To essay my whole all men strive,ritual and costume, which are most preeious to the student of Christian archæoloxy. With regard to the date of the painting, Cavaliere De Rossi, an authority in such cases, does not allow it a greater antiquity than the eighth century. VARIETIES. GOOD ADVICE.-An old author quaintly remarks: "Avoid argument with ladies. In spinning yarn among silks and satins, man is sure to be worsted and twisted. And when a man is worsted and twisted, he may consider himself wound up." An exchange comes to us with a notice that "Truth" is crowded out of this issue. This is almost as bad as the up-country editor who said, "for the evil effects of intoxicating drinks, see our inside." Sidney Smith once said: "A pair of scissors is like a quarrelsome husband and wife. The blades are always cutting against each other, but woe to him who comes between them." Now guess it if you can, sir, For you will ne'er in wedlock thrive, Until you know my answer. And it has been from Adam's time;— Has not been found; and I incline Any one solving the above, will send solution to the "S. L. M." FASHIONS FOR MARCH, 1864. Descriptions of the Engravings.-First Figure. Half toilet. An Irish poplin dress, leather color, ornamented at the bottom of the skirt with four rows of biaspieces of a darker colored silk about two and a half inches wide, and the same distance apart, ornamented with passemen. terie trimming on each width. Body with Chinese lappel slip up in two places behind, and one on each side towards the hips. Sleaves half tight, trimmed with silk bias-pieces of a darker color. Flat A printer named Winn who died at linen collar bordered with Valenciennes. Rochester, England. recently, was heard Cuffs to match. Black velvet bonnet, to mutter to himself a few moments be-trimmed at the side of the crown and fore his death: "I am on my last stickful; front with a rose, accompanied by foliage. I am coming to a paragraph, and I sup pose I'll have to wait for old Death to put in a period." CHARADE. I. My First, they say in days of old, Though gold was legal tender. And always have a friend there." II. My Second, then, was man's delight, Curtain bordered by bars of poncean vel vet. Arcular cloak of Faille silk trimmed with guipure. Second Figure.-Dress of drap deny Lo, trimmed at the bottom of the skirt with bands of pausy silk vailed with guipure. Body round at the waist, with shallow plaits. Sleeves half tight, ornamented at the side with an insertion laid on a pausy transparent. Linen collar and cuffs. Platetol of pausy plush, trimmed at the top and bottom of the sleeve with a rich gimp ornament. Bonnet of imperial white velvet, with natural feathers. The inside of the front is ornamented with frnit and foliage. [The fashion plate upon the next page is taken from "Le Bon Ton, Journal de Modes, and Monthly Reports of Paris Fashions, for February, 1863.-ED8] THE LITERARY MESSENGER. A Magazine Devoted to Literature, Science and Art. VOL. 38.] RICHMOND, APRIL, 1864. WEDDERBURN & ALFRIEND, HISTORY OF THE WAR. BY ROBERT R. HOWISON. Author of a History of Virginia. (Copy-right secured.) CHAPTER I. Kentucky-Her population-Slaves-Her attitude unfavorable to the SouthCauses Proposed Riverine LeagueCompromises Henry Clay-Neutrality -Generals Buckner and McCleilanInsidious policy of the Federal Government-Legislature of Kentucky- Vaithless-Federals occupy her soil-General Polk's offer-Oppression-Flight of Kentucky patriots Ex-Governor Morehead seized-Escape of Judge MonroeBreckenridge--Marshall--Breckenridge's address-Provisional Government Johnston-Comes Overland from Cali Armies--Buell-Grant-Fort Henry- Island-Captured-Edenton-Elizabeth Kentucky admitted to the Southern From the opening of the revolution, the Confederacy-General Albert Sidney State of Kentucky had assumed an attifornia Confederate success in Mesilla tude which, if not positively hostile, was Valley-Arizona Territory-Gen. John- certainly neither cordial nor supporting to ston takes Command of Department of her Southern sisters. Her agricultural proKentucky and Tennessee-Conflictsducts were nearly identical with those of Gen. Zollicoffer-Capt. John H. Morher mother, Virginia. Her population, in gan-Battle of Belmont-Federals at first Successful-Re-establishment of 1860, was about one million, one hundred Confederate Lines-Defeat and Disas- and sixty thousand, of whom two hundred ters of the Federals-Bridge Burning in and twenty-six thousand (fully one-fifth East Tennessee-James Keelan, the part) were slaves. It might reasonably hero of Srawberry Plains-Federals Advance against Piketon-Bull Nel- have been expected that she would son-Wild Cat Stampede-Fight at promptly array herself on the side of those Woodsonville-Success of Gen. Mar- who sought to protect the rights of the shall at Prestonsburg-Battle of Somer South against the lawless aggressions of. set-Confederates Defeated-Death of Abolitionism. But various causes had Gen. Zollicoffer-Insufficiency of South ern Forces under Gen. Johnston-Igno brought a large part of her people into a rance of the People on the Subject-state of mind unfavorable to any decisive Formidable Preparations of the Federals-Gun-Boats-Commodore Foote VOL. XXXVIII-13 a Am. Almanac, 1861. 243. large majority of the people of Kentucky shewed their good sense in wishing to keep an institution so conservative of all that is valuable in republican society, but it cannot be doubted that the influence of Mr. Clay, and of the large number of his people who thought with him on the subject, had weakened the arms of the advo cates of slavery. measures for seceding from the former fluence in moulding opinion in his State Union and taking up arms against the Lin-was powerful. Kentucky was really dicoln Government. vided upon the question of continuing Her central and geographical position the institution of slavery within her bor- ̈ exposed her in a peculiar manner to as-ders. A scheme of gradual emancipation saults from the North. Separated only by under requirement of law, had been prothe meanders of the Ohio river for a dis-mulgated, and Mr. Clay spoke and wrote tance of five hundred and sixty miles from in its favor. It was indeed defeated when the populous Free States of Ohio, Indiana, brought to the test of the popular vote. A and Illinois, she was subject to invasion at any time, and at numerous points by hosts of armed. pillagers. It cannot be doubted that this hazard wrought its effect in urging her authorities to seek neutrality and peace rather than war. Governor Magoffin had, with promptness and spirit, informed Mr. Lincoln that Kentucky would furnish no troops against the seceded States, and in many other acts had shewed his sympathy with the South. Yet he was anxious to save Kentucky from the horrors of war, and at one time sought to conduct to a successful issue, negotiations for a "Riverine League" with the States bordering on the Ohio, the object of which was to secure all the parties to it from molestation and bloodshed.a It was natural that Kentucky should wish to avoid invasion and the wasting of war. Yet. Virginia had encountered the same risks, and when principle required it, had boldly faced the storm. Neither. can we suppose that timidity and unmanly fear were the prevailing motives with the gallant race inhabiting Kentucky-a people who, for nearly a century, had been proverbial for daring and chivalry. We must seek explanation in other causes. An enthusiastic and persistent love of the Union was one of the most prominent traits in the character of this highly intellectual man. He was national and Amer ican in all his feelings. While he denounced abolitionism on the one side, he was equally severe against nullification and secession on the other. Had he lived to see the dangerous progress of the Abolition party, and the measures by which they were seeking to annihilate the rights of the South, it can hardly be doubted that his chivalrous nature would have urged him to take the side of the threatened and the oppressed, and that, with John Bell, of Tennessee, he could have proclaimed himself a rebel against the Lincoln usurpation. But he died before the plans of the Black Republicans were developed, and unhappily he left no statesmen of his own school For many years the prevailing political behind him in Kentucky, of stature high views in Kentucky had inclined. her to enough to see that the Union was no loncompromise as to every question affecting ger possible, when the most sacred pledges the stability of the Union. Her great and on which it was founded, were all vio-. brilliant statesman, Henry Clay, was the lated by the North. We have seen that father of the three compromises which John J. Crittenden had fallen far below had prevented dissolution at a time when the exigencies of the crisis. After the it might perhaps have been effected with- battle of Manassas, he had introduced a out a bloody war. These were the Mis-resolution in the Northern Congress that souri Bill of 1821, the Compromise Tariff the object of the war was to preserve the Bill of 1830, and the scheme of settlement Union as it was, under the Constitution, and after the Mexican war in 1850, to all of which we have already alluded. His in a The details of this plan are in the Whig, April 29-May 2. he voted for the bills appropriating five hundred millions of dollars and calling out five hundred thousand men.a Yet a Sketch of his speech at Columbus. Examiner, Aug. 16, 1861. afterwards, when he saw the plainest pro-)a distinct verbal arrangement that Federal visions of the Constitution violated by troops should not occupy the soil of KenLincoln and his War Cabinet, the habeas tucky unless she was first invaded by corpus denied, freedom of speech sup- Confederates, that if so invaded, General pressed, the press bound in chains, arbi-Buckner should use his forces to drive trary arrests daily made, people's houses back the invaders, and if he failed, or was searched and robbed without law, and a unable to do so, then Federal troops should military despotism established, he con- be sent to aid him, but should be immeditinued to uphold the war and prostitute ately withdrawn when the invaders were his failing powers to the purposes of repelled. Such was the agreement made. Northern usurpation. Others in his State by McClellan, and afterwards acknowwere equally inconsistent and unpatriotic. ledged and confirmed by him in an interThe position first, taken by the public view with General Buckner, Judge Bigger, authorities of Kentucky, was that of neu-and Col. Bullock, held on the 13th of June, trality. Her Legislature passed a resolu-at Cairo, in Illinois.a This arrangement, tion to the effect that she would remain if faithfully observed, would have secured neutral in the contest pending, and would Kentucky's neutrality at least for a time. not permit the troops of either party to But when McClellan reached Grafton, in pass over or occupy her soil for belligerent Virginia, he found that his proposed policy purposes.a Far as this attitude fell below would not be acceptable to the Lincoln the hopes of the Confederate States, they Government, and therefore prepared to would have acquiesced in and sacredly repudiate. In answer to a telegram from respected it, had the Kentucky authorities a Federal Navy efficer at Louisville, he: maintained it. But Abraham Lincoln said "My interview with Gen. Buckner openly denounced it, declaring that it "re- was personal, not official. It was solicited cognized no fidelity to the Constitution, by him more than once. and no obligation to maintain the Union."blation on the part of the His purpose not to respect it was apparent, and was soon manifested by deeds. I made no stipuGeneral Government, and regarded his promise to drive out the Confederate troops as the only Surrounded on all sides by the signs of result of the interview. His letter givës approaching war, Governor Magoffin saw his own views, not mine." The subterthe importance of military preparation in fuge involved in this letter is apparent. his State, and accordingly, under the sanc-It is true that in his interview with Bucktion of law, he authorized the enrolling of ner, McClellan had declared that he could a volunteer corps, and assigned to their only state his own views, and purposes, as command Simon Bolivar Buckner, with a military commander, and not those of the commission of Brigadier General. He his Government. But he knew that Buckwas a gallant and accomplished officer-a ner relied on them as a recognition of the graduate of West Point, and in the subse-neutrality of Kentucky, and would never quent scenes of the war rose to just distinction. He sought to maintain in good faith the neutral attitude assumed by his State, and for this reason put himself in communication with the Federal General McClellan, whom he had long known. By the suggestion of McClellan, General Buckner visited him at his residence in Cincinnati, on or about the 5th day of June, 1861, and in the presence of a citizen of Kentucky, they held a conference as to her position and wishes. The result was, have rested content with an agreement binding him to drive out Confederate forces. while the Federal Government was at liberty to flood Kentucky with its own troops. A question of veracity was thus raised, which the world can easily decide. On the one side are four witnesses-men of truth and honor, whose word has never been impeached; on the other side is one witness, who, in his own official reports, has published deliberate falsehoods. a Read the statements of S. B. Buckner, a Nashville Union. Dispatch, July 11th, Sam'l Gill, J. M. Bigger and E. J. Bullock. .1861. b Message. July 4, 1861. Dispatch, Sept. 19th. 6 Telogram. Whig, June 29th. Anxious by every means in his power favor stood. The people approved this to secure the neutrality of Kentucky, Gen. platform, and in good faith voted for men Buckner obtained an interview with Pre- who held out to them promises to sustain sident Lincoln, in which he addressed that and strengthen it. But, in the meantime, officer in respectful but earnest language, the wily intriguers of Mr. Lincoln's gov vindicated the rights of his State, remind-ernment were at work; the war had fully ed him that in his own message of the 4th opened; paper money in abundance was of July he had confessed that in several beginning to work; rich contracts for particulars he had violated the Constitu- mules, hemp and lumber, were scattered tion, denied that he had any right to ask with lavish, but discriminating hand, Kentucky to aid him in such violation, among the Union patriots of Kentucky; and insisted that if the President was jus- and when the election came, a large matified for such acts by the plea of necessi-jority of men were returned who had proty, much more was his State justified by fessed before the people their fidelity to necessity in taking an attitude of neutral- the neutral faith, but who, in reality, were ity a prepared to throw the whole power of the State; as far as they could wield it, in favor of Lincoln and his bloody war against the South. Mr. Lincoln gave him no promise, and, indeed, no direct answer of any kind. But two days afterwards, on the 10th of July, he furnished to him, through Mr. Crittenden, a written paper, in which he said that he conceived it to be his duty to suppress an existing insurrection; that he wished to do so with the least possible disturbance or annoyance to well disposed people anywhere; that, so far, he had not sent an armed force into Kentucky, and had no present purpose to do se, but did not mean to say anything that might embar-armies, and use her forests for building rass him thereafter in what might seem to be his duty.b Yet, at the very time this assurance was made, Abraham Lincoln knew that one of his confidential officers, with his own full assent, was about to proceed to Kentucky, to recruit troops on her soil and from her people, to serve in his war against the South; and soon afterwards Union troops raised in East Tennessee were marched into her borders, by directions from the No War Department in Washington.c part of the system of fraud and falsehood practised by the Lincoln government was more dishonoring than that in relation to Kentucky. No stronger evidence of secret intervention, by agencies of the Washington government, in this Kentucky election, can be given than the subsequent course of Mr. Lincoln's minions. After the returns were made, they threw off the mask, and no longer attempted to conceal their purpose to occupy Kentucky with a military force, to recruit her people for their gun-boats, her rivers for transporting troops, her harvests and grass prairies for feeding their men and horses and her roads and mountains for marching invad ing columns upon the Confederate States, Before a single Southern company had oscupied her soil, the town of Paducah, in Kentncky, was invaded by a force of Federal troops from Cairo, and a camp had been established near Lexington, called Camp Dick Robinson," in which men were recruited-some from Kentucky, some from East Tennessee, and many from Ohio, who were afterwards thrown inte the Northern brigades, and openly used against the Confederate cause a The reason of this unmasking is obvious. Lin A new election was about to be held for members of her "Legislature. The plat-coln's agents knew that they had secured form of neutrality was that on which most of the candidates who sought the popular a Gen. Buckner's statement, September 12, 1861. b. Mem. signed J, J. C., July 10, 1861.. Ge. Buckner's statement. c Gen. Buckner's statement. subservient majority in the Kentucky Legislature, while the honest fiends of the South, both in and out of the State, were looking for neutrality from men a Compare statements in Hickman (Ky.) Courier and Examiner, Sept. 6th, 7th, 9th, 20th. |