9. invicem: now in thy turn. disdain of. Cf. on 2. 4. 10.

arrogantis: the pride, the

10. levis: lightly esteemed, i.e. despised. The lonely alley, the howling winds, the moonless night, heighten the sense of desolation.

11. Thracio: i.e. Aquilo, the N. E. wind; Epode 13. 3. bacchante: cf. 3. 3. 55, and Sargent, 'A life on the ocean wave! | A home on the rolling deep, | Where the scattered waters rave, | And the winds their revels keep.' - magis: louder and louder. sub: cf. on 1. 8. 14. - interlunia: the time of the new moon was proverbially windy. For meter, cf. 1. 2. 19. For word, cf. Milton's 'hid in her vacant interlunar cave.'

14-15. Cf. Verg. G. 3. 266. — iecur: the seat of passion. Cf. 4. 1. 12. ulcerosum: inflamed.

15-20. Her plaint is that youth prefers youth to age.

17. pubes: cf. 2. 8. 17. — virenti: 1. 9. 17; both the verdant ivy and the dusky myrtle are symbols of youth, as the sere and yellow leaf (aridas frondes) of age. Archil. fr. 100; Aeschyl. Ag. 79.

18. pulla serves to contrast the darker and lighter green. The myrtle is viridis in 1. 4. 9.

19. aridas: 4. 13. 9. sodali: cf. 3. 18. 6; cf. comes, 1. 28. 21; 4. 12. 1.— Hebro: the reading of the Mss. The Hebrus (Maritza), chief river of Thrace, is associated with winter in the poet's mind (cf. Thracio vento 11, 12), and so is thought of as appropriate to Lydia's aridas frondes. Most editors read Euro, 'a winter wind' (cf. Verg. G. 2. 339), but this has no Ms. authority.

ODE XXVI.

Dear to the Muses, I give my cares to the winds, and 'what the Mede intends and what the Dacian.' Help me, sweet nymph of Pimplea, to twine a fresh chaplet of song for my Lamia.

Tiridates (5) was king of Parthia in place of Phraates, expelled for tyranny. Phraates sought aid of the Scythians to recover his throne, and Tiridates fled to Augustus in Syria (B.c. 30), according to Dio. 51. 18; in Spain (B.c. 25), accord

ing to Justin, 42. 5. 5. The usually accepted date for the ode is B.C. 30-29. Phraates' restoration is referred to in 2. 2. 17, and there is an allusion to the dissensions of the 'Medes' in 3. 8. 19, the ode written on the (first?) anniversary of Horace's escape from the falling tree (2. 13; 3. 4. 27). Those who adopt the later date reconcile Dio and Justin by the hypothesis that Tiridates merely appealed to Augustus for aid in Syria (B.C. 30), and took refuge with him in person in Spain (B.c. 25). For Aelius Lamia, cf. on 3. 17. The poem has been thought Horace's first attempt in the Alcaic measure; cf. novis (10) and the metrical awkwardness of 7 and 11.

1. musis amicus: cf. 2. 6. 18; 3. 4. 25; amicum Crethea musis; Hes. Theog. 96; tristitiam: 1. 7. 18.

Verg. Aen. 9. 774,
Theocr. 1. 141.

2. protervis: Epode 16. 22; Verg. Aen. 1. 536, procacibus austris; Lucret. 6. 111, petulantibus auris; 1. 14. 16, ludibrium ventis; Shakspeare's 'the air, a chartered libertine.' - Creticum: individualizing; cf. on 1. 16. 4. But the Cretan sea was stormy. (Soph. Trach. 117.)

3. portare: epexegetic inf. For thought, cf. Epode 11. 16; Homer, Odyss. 8. 408; Eurip. Troad. 419; Theoc. 22. 167; Apoll. Rhod. 1. 1334; Otto, Sprichwörter der Römer, p. 364; Catull. 30. 10; Anacreontea, 41. 13, τὸ δ ̓ ἄχος πέφευγε μιχθέν | åveμoтpópw OvéXXŋ; ibid. 39. 7; 2. 8. Cf. also Heine, 'Ich wollt', meine Schmerzen ergössen | Sich all' in ein einziges Wort, | Das gäb' ich den lustigen Winden, | Die trügen es lustig fort.' quis: nom. parallel with quid (5) rather than dat.; a form not used in odes. Cf. Epode 11. 9.

4. rex: of the Scythians. metuatur: the reference here as in the following clause (quid Tiridaten terreat) is to the fears of Tiridates. Both clauses depend on unice securus, quite unconcerned. Cf. Ronsard, 'Celuy n'a soucy quel roy | Tyrannise sous sa loy | Ou la Perse ou la Syrie.'- gelidae cf. Lucan, 5. 55.

orae:

6. fontibus integris: untouched springs. The song is to be a new one (cf. fidibus novis) åênpáтois, cf. Eurip. Hippol. 73, Lucret. 1. 927; Verg. G. 2. 175; Sellar, p. 147.

7. necte: So in Greek Tλéкw and ipalvw (Pind. O. 6. 86; Nem. 4. 44, fr. 179). Shelley, Alastor, 'woven hymns.' flores: sc. a song in his honor, Movoéwv äv0eα.

9. Pimplei: Muse of Pimplea, a place and fountain in Pieria near Mt. Olympus, sacred to the Muses.

9-10. mei

honores: honors of my bestowing. Cf. Lucan, 9. 983, quantum Smyrnaei durabunt vatis honores. So ripaîs (Pind. Nem. 9. 10).

10. novis: For Horace's claim to originality, cf. on 3. 30. 13 and Epist. 1. 19. 21. But he strikes the new chords Lesbio plectro, and his boast is that he 'tuned the Ausonian lyre | To sweeter sounds and tempered Pindar's fire: | Pleased with Alcaeus' manly rage to infuse | The softer spirit of the Sapphic Muse' (Pope).

11. Lesbio . . . plectro: with Lesbian plectrum, i.e. in a lyric in the manner of the Lesbian school. Cf. 1. 1. 34. The plectrum was the pick (of ivory or metal) used in playing the lyre. Cf. 1. 1. 34. sacrare: consecrate. So Stat. Silv. 4. 7.7. Cf. 4. 9. 25, vate sacro.

ODE XXVII.

Far be the barbarous Thracian dissonance and the Persian dirk from our sober revels. And if I am to crush a cup with you, the brother of pretty Opuntian Megilla must reveal to us the lady of his secret thoughts. Surely he need not blush to name her. Ah, poor fellow! with what a Charybdis were you struggling! No Thessalian witch will deliver you from that

monster.

A verse exercise. The details are Greek, except Falerni (10). Cf. Anacreon, fr. 63.

1. natis: born for, made for, meant for. Cf. A. P. 82, natum rebus agendis. — scyphis: abl. of instrument. Cf. Lucian, Symp. 14 and 44. Anth. Pal. 11. 59, elhaπívn koteλλoμáxos. 2. Thracum: cf. on 1. 18. 9.

5. 9.

- tollite: away with. Cf. 2.

3. morem: in bad sense.. obsidendi vias. verecundum: cf. 1. 18. 7, modici Liberi. The

Cf. Livy, 34. 2. 9, qui hic mos

idea of the god and the use of his gifts blends. For whole passage cf. 3. 8. 15.

4. prohibete: defend; so, with seeming reversal of natural syntax, corpus prohibere cheragra (Epist. 1. 1. 31).

5. vino: dat. Horace said 'different to.'

Cf. 2. 2. 18; 4. 9. 29. acinaces: has a distinguished foreign sound.

6. immane quantum: a stereotyped phrase, used parenthetically and not affecting the structure of the sentence; lit., (it is) prodigious how much; cf. mirum quantum, åμhxavov doov, and Milton's 'incredible how swift.'

...

8. cubito presso: with left arm pressed into cushion of couch by weight of body. In Petron. Sat. 27, hic est apud quem cubitum ponetis means 'this is your entertainer.'

9. severi: strong, Spiμéos; they were drinking dry, not sweet, Falernian. Cf. Athen. 1. 26 c. Severi as contrasted with the innocentis Lesbii of 1. 17. 21. Cf. Catull. 27. 2, calices amariores.

10. dicat: challenges to name a toast were common at banquets. Cf. Theoc. 14. 18; Martial, 1. 71.

10-11. The details individualize. Cf. on 3. 9. 14; 2. 4. 2; 2. 5. 20; 3. 12. 6; 3. 9. 9. Opus was a town in Locris.

...

11-12. beatus pereat: the poets abuse oxymoron in describing what Thomson calls 'the charming agonies of love. Cf. Romeo and Juliet, 1. 1, 'O heavy lightness, serious vanity,' etc. Pereat is technical in the lover's dialect. Cf. Catull. 45. 5; Propert. 1. 4. 12. Volnere, sagitta, ignibus (15) are all worn-out

metaphors of love. Medea, 530, 632;

Cf. Lucret. 1. 34; Verg. Aen. 4. 2; Eurip. Odes 3. 7. 11. n.; 2. 8. 15.

13. mercede: condition.· cessat voluntas? he won't? his will pauses, halts, flags. For force of cesso, cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 52, cessas in vota precesque; Odes 3. 27. 58; 3. 28. 8; Marvell, Ode on Cromwell, 'So restless Cromwell could not cease | In the inglorious arts of peace.'

14. Venus: love; used definitely of the object of his affection; cf. 1. 33. 13.

15. erubescendis: cf. 2. 4. 20, pudenda.

16. ingenuo. amore: for a free-born love, abl. of cause (cf. 1. 33. 9); amore, like Venus above, is used of the person;

ingenuo is employed banteringly; she is no servant maid like the flava Phyllis of 2. 4.

17. peccas: technical. Cf. on 3. 7. 19.

quidquid habes:

cf. Catull. 6. 15, quare quidquid habes boni malique | dic nobis. 18. depone: he asks the culprit to whisper the secret to him, even if he is unwilling to tell the whole company; in Sat. 2. 6. 46, Horace modestly says that his great friend Maecenas confides to him only those secrets, quae rimosa bene deponuntur in aure. a miser: after a pause in which the name is told. 19. laborabas: all the while, though we knew it not; the effect of apa of surprised recognition with impf. in Greek. · Charybdi: the comparison of a ruthless coquette to a gulf, abyss, or whirlpool was as familiar to the Athens of the new comedy as it is to modern Paris. Cf. Anaxilas apud Athen. 13. 558 A.

20. flamma: dangerously like the images to which Quintilian objects that begin with a storm and wind up with a conflagration.

21. Thessalis: Thessaly was the land of brewed enchantments. Cf. Propert. 1. 5. 6, et bibere e tota toxica Thessalia. Epode 5. 45.

22. venenis: potions, philters, not necessarily poisons. So φάρμακα in Greek.

23. triformi: Il. 6. 181; Lucret. 5. 902, prima leo, postrema draco, media ipsa, Chimaera.

23-24. Bellerophon mounted on the winged steed Pegasus slew the Chimaera (Pind. O. 13. 90), but from the toils of this Chimaera of a flirt even Pegasus could not free you.

24. Chimaera: with both illigatum and expediet. For Pegasus, cf. 4. 11. 28. n.

ODE XXVIII.

Apparently the dramatic monologue of the ghost of one who has been shipwrecked near the tomb of the philosopher Archytas on the shore near Venusia. In lines 1-6 the ghost directly apostrophizes the shade of Archytas in the manner of the Greek sepulchral epigram. In lines 6-20 it moralizes on the universality of death. In lines 20-36, which are very loosely, if at all, connected with the preceding, the ghost is represented as