Bird is on the wing.'-invida: that grudges to grant the prayer of happy youth, 'O temps, suspends ton vol,' etc. (Lamartine).

8. carpe diem: catch as it flies or pluck the flower of. Cf. Martial, 7. 47. 11, vive velut rapto fugitivaque gaudia carpe; But 3. 27. 44, carpere flores; Juv. 9. 126, flosculus angustae miseraeque brevissima vitae Portio. The two points of view blend in Tennyson's 'They lost their weeks; they vexed the souls of Deans | . . . And caught the blossom of the flying terms.' For the general Epicurean sentiment, cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13; 1. 11. 23; Eurip. Alcest. 782; Ecclesiastic. 14. 14. quam . . postero: trusting the morrow as little as possible; with postero sc. diei. Cf. Epist. 1. 4. 13; Fitzgerald's Omar Khayyám, 'Tomorrow! why, to-morrow I may be | Myself with yesterday's seven thousand years': Trevelyan, 'And book me for the fifteenth valse; there just beneath my thumb, | No, not the next to that, my girl! The next may never come.'

ODE XII.

What man, what hero, what god shall we sing, O Clio, while echo repeats his name in the fabled haunts of the Muses? Of gods, the All-father first, then Pallas, Diana, Liber, Phoebus. Of heroes, Hercules, Castor, Pollux. Of men, Romulus and the worthies whose virtues and sacrifices built up the Empire of Rome. Brightest in the constellation of glory shines the Julian star. Augustus, conqueror of the Orient, reigns on earth the vicegerent of Jove in heaven.

The date seems fixed by 1. 46 to some time between the death of Marcellus, in в.c. 23, and the announcement of his marriage to Julia, which took place B.C. 25.

Translated by Pitt, Johnson's Poets, 12. 381.

1. quem virum, etc.: taken from Pindar's riva Oeóv, тív. pwa, Tlva dávdpa keλadhooμev; (O. 2. 2). The attempts to trace further a spiritual resemblance between the two odes are fanciful.— heroa: demigod.-lyra is Greek, tibia Roman, but we need not press the distinction; cf. on 1. 1. 32.-acri: Quintil. 8. 2.9

cites the epithet as a proprium. Cf. 'ear-piercing fife.' λιγείη, Ι1. 9. 186.

2. sumis: dost thou choose; so sumite materiem (A. P. 38; Epp. 1. 3. 7). — celebrare: celebrandum in normal prose. G. L. 421. 1. was later the Muse of history. For Horace's free use of the names of the Muses, cf. on 1. 1. 33; 1. 24. 3. His attitude is similar to that of the Alexandrian poet, Rhianus, πᾶσαι δ ̓ εἰσαίουσι, μιῆς ὅτε τ ̓ οὔνομα λέξεις.

3. recinet: give back. iocosa: because it seems to mock. 4. imago: cf. 1. 20. 6. Imago alone may = ἠχώ; Varro, R. R. 3. 16. 12; Verg. G. 4. 50, saxa sonant vocisque offensa resultat imago; Lucret. 4. 571, imagine verbi. Cf. Words. Power of Sound, 'Ye voices and ye shadows and images of voice.' On echo, cf. further, Ov. Met. 3. 356; Eurip. Hec. 1111; Soph. Philoctet. 186; Aristoph. Thesm. 1059; Daniel, 'Echo, daughter of the air, | Babbling guest of rocks and hills'; Shaks. Twelfth Night, 1. 5, ‘And make the babbling gossip of the air | Cry out Olivia'; Shelley, Adonais, 15.

5. oris: on the borders; cf. 2. 9. 4. Mt. Helicon, in Boeotia, was one of the seats of the worship of the Muses. Horace is thinking of the Boeotian or Hesiodic school of poetry, and there are touches that suggest the vision of the Muses in Hes. Theog. 1-10 sqq., so exquisitely imitated in the last song of Callicles, in Arnold's Empedocles.

6. Pindo: Mt. Pindus, between Thessaly and Epirus, also connected with the cult of the Muses; cf. Verg. Ecl. 10. 11. Haemo: Mt. Haemus, in Thrace, an earlier seat of the Muses, and the tradition of Orpheus. Cf. Verg. G. 2. 488, O, qui me gelidis convallibus Haemi | sistat.

7. unde: from Haemus.— temere: blindly, in mad rout; 2. 11. 14.

8. Orphea legendary singer of Thrace, a symbol of the charms of music 'to soothe a savage breast, | To soften rocks or bend a knotted oak.' Cf. Simon. fr. 40; Aeschyl. Ag. 1629; Eurip. Bacchae, 562; Iph. Aul. 1211, etc.; Anth. Pal. 7. 8; Apoll. Rhod. 1. 26; Ov. Met. 11. 44-46; Hor. Epp. 2. 3. 392; Shaks. Henry VIII. 3. 1, M. of V. 5. 1; Dryden, St. Cecilia, 'Orpheus could lead the savage race, | And trees unrooted left

their place | Sequacious of the lyre'; Tenn. Amphion; Dobson, A Case of Cameos, Sardonyx; Words. Power of Music. Cf. also on 1.24. 13; 3. 11. 13.

9. materna: tradition made the Muse Calliope the mother of Orpheus. Verg. Ecl. 4. 57. Cf. fraterna, 1. 21. 12. morantem: 3.11. 14, morari. Cf. 'Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delayed | The huddling brook to hear his madrigal,' Milton, Comus; Sen. Herc. Fur. 577, ars quae praebuerat fluminibus moras; Verg. Ecl. 8. 4.

10. lapsus: flow; cf. Milton's 'liquid lapse of murmuring streams,' and his 'smooth-sliding Mincius'; Horace's labitur et labetur; Epode 2. 25, labuntur.

11-12. blandum et: and having charm to; cf. 1. 24. 13; 3. 11. 15; 4. 1. 8; Propert. 1. 8. 40, blandi carminis obsequio. auritas ducere quercus: auritas is proleptic: to give ears to the oaks and lead them. Tyrrell, Latin Poetry, p. 184, says that 'long-eared oaks' is a 'strange deviation from the lyrical manner.' Cf. Verg. G. 1. 308, auritos lepores. But cf. Plaut. Asin. Prol. 4, face nunc iam . . . omnem auritum populum; Manilius, 5. 322, et sensus scopulis et silvis addidit aures; Milton, 'that wild rout that tore the Thracian bard | In Rhodope where woods and rocks had ears | To rapture.' fidibus canoris: with melodious strings; Verg. Aen. 6. 120, Threicia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris.

13. solitis: the customary ab Iove principium (Verg. Ecl. 3. 60), the K Διὸς ȧрxúμeσla of Greek poetry; Arat. Phaen. 1; Pind. Nem. 2. 1. Cf. 'The Song began from Jove,' Dryden, Alexander's Feast. parentis: the same designation of Jupiter is used in 2. 19. 21; cf. Arnold, Empedocles, 'First hymn they the father | Of all things; and then, | The rest of immortals, The action of men'; Hesiod, Theog. 16-18. Cf. 3. 4. 45; Verg. Aen. 1. 230.

15. mundum: the universe, and more specifically the heavens. Cf. Munro on Lucret. 1. 73.

16. temperat: governs, preserves the harmonious order of. Cf. 3. 4. 45; Epp. 1. 12. 16; Propert. 4. 4. 26, quis deus hanc mundi temperat arte domum; Ovid, cited on 1. 49; Pausan. 1. 40. 4.-horis: seasons. Cf. 3. 13. 9; A. P. 302.

17. unde: ex quo. Cf. 1. 28. 28; 2. 12. 7; Sat. 1. 6. 12; 2. 6. 21. So the Deity in Milton, 'For none I know | Second to me or like, equal much less.'

18. secundum: cf. Quintil. 10. 1. 53, ut plane manifesto appareat quanto sit aliud proximum esse, aliud secundum; i.e. close following (sequor). Cf. Verg. Aen. 5. 320. Hence tamen is to be taken closely with proximus.

19. occupavit

=

obtinet. Some read occupabit.

Hesiod

20. Pallas: she is in Homer second only to Zeus. says her power is equal to her sire's, Theog. 896. In Aeschylus (Eumen. 826) she boasts that she alone knows the keys of the chambers of the thunder-bolt. Cf. Callim. Hymn 5. 132133.

21. proeliis audax: with Pallas, 'Aoŋvá víкapóроs трóμаxos. Others put a period after honores, and take proeliis audax with Liber. This is possible, Liber being conceived as the Greek Bacchus (cf. 2. 19. 28), but the position of neque would be unusual.

22. Virgo: vocative; Diana, the goddess of the chase. Cf. on cohibentis arcu, 4. 6. 34; Theog. 11, "Apртeμ, Onрoobνn.

23-24. certa . sagitta: the reference is to Apollo's slaying the python, Ov. Met. 1. 438 sqq. Cf. Catull. 68. 113; Byron, Childe Harold, 4. 161, 'The lord of the unerring bow.' 25. After the gods come the demi-gods. Alciden: Hercules, grandson of Alceus. puerosque Ledae: Castor (hunc) and Pollux (illum); cf. Il. 3. 237, Κάστορά θ ̓ ἱππόδαμον καὶ πὺξ ȧɣaldν Пoλudeúкeα; Sat. 2. 1. 26, Castor gaudet equis, ovo prognatus eodem pugnis.

26-27. superare nobilem: famous for victories. — pugnis: with his fists, from pugnus.

27. quorum: when their. simul (ac): 1. 9. 9.

27-28. alba . . . stella: cf. on 1. 3. 2.

28. refulsit: cf. on 2. 17. 23.

29-32. Cf. Theoc. 22. 15; note position of verbs: back from the rocks streams down die the winds away flee the clouds. Cf. Tenn. Locksley Hall, 'Droops the heavy-blossomed bower, hangs the heavy-fruited tree.' — agitatus humor: wind-blown spray, or 'wind-shaked surge' (Othello, 2. 1).

30. concidunt: cf. Verg. Aen. 1. 154, sic cunctus pelagi cecidi fragor.

31. et joins (29+30) to 31, 32. quod sic voluere: because they (i.e. Castor and Pollux) have willed it so, parenthetical formula of submission to or recognition of the inscrutable divine power. Cf. 1. 33. 10; Il. 1. 5. Some read sic

di.

32. recumbit: subsides. Sen. Thyest. 589, mitius stagno pelagus recumbit.

33 sqq. Famous Romans. Construe dubito (utrum) post hos Romulum prius memorem an, etc.

33. quietum: the peaceful reign of Numa Pompilius established the religious and civil traditions of Rome. Cf. Livy, 1. 21. 6.

=

25. Tarquini . . . Catonis: the last king and the last republican. Proud fasces of Tarquin rule of Tarquin the Proud Superbus. Cf. Cic. Phil. 3. 9, Tarquinius . . non crudelis . . . sed superbus habitus est et dictus. His reign was splendid on the whole, despite its disgraceful close. Macaulay, Virginia, 'He stalked along the Forum like King Tarquin in his pride.' — dubito: the throng of great memories crowds on the soul of the bard. Cf. Verg. Aen. 6. 842-845.

36. nobile letum: his suicide at Utica, which gave him the epithet Uticensis, and made him the idol of declaimers. on 2. 1. 24.

Cf.

37. Regulum: cf. on 3. 5. 13 sqq. · Scauros: Niebuhr says he never could understand why Horace placed Scaurus in this roll of honor. See the character of M. Aemilius Scaurus, Sall. Jug. 15. Cicero often praises him. Cf. Juv. 11. 90. The reference is perhaps to the story of M. Scaurus, lumen ac decus patriae (Valer. Max. 5. 8. 4), whose stern rebuke to his son for joining the rout in the defeat of Catulus by the Cimbri drove the young man to suicide.

38. L. Aemilius Paullus sought voluntary death on the field of Cannae (B.C. 216), lost by the rashness of his colleague in the consulship, Terentius Varro. Cf. Livy, 22. 49. For prodigum cf. Ov. Am. 3. 9. 64, sanguinis atque animae prodige Galle tuae. - Poeno: i.e. Hannibal.