WORKS OF REFERENCE

(NOTE.—The following list of publications is not presented as a complete bibliography, but as indicating those authors to whom, directly or indirectly, I find myself indebted. The titles of works from which excerpts have been taken are initialed. As most of these publications are in foreign languages, the excerpts, here given in English, are necessarily translations, many of them being paraphrased to some extent in order that they may be best adjusted with the context.

Throughout the memoir authorities are cited by the initials used below, respectively; in connection with these, roman numerals indicate the volume numbers and arabic figures the page numbers.-W. E. R.)

Ac

A

Ba

PBa

HWB

Be

BW Bol BBR

Br

BrA

BrB

Bri

Bro

LaC

CC

GC

ACUÑA, CHRISTOPHER. Relation of the great River of Amazons in South
America. London, 1698.

ALEXANDER, J. E. Transatlantic sketches. 2 vols. London, 1833.
APPUN, C. F. Unter den Tropen. Jena, 1871.

BANCROFT, EDWARD. An essay on the natural history of Guiana. London,

1769.

BARRERE, PIERRE. Nouvelle relation de la France équinoxiale. Paris,
1743.

BATES, HENRY WALTER. The naturalist on the Amazon. London, 1892.
BECHAMEL. See GRILLET.

BELLIN [JACQUES NICOLAS]. Description géographique de la Guyane.
Paris, 1763.
BENOIT, P. J. Voyage à Surinam. Bruxelles, 1839.
BERNAU, J. H. Missionary labours in British Guiana. London, 1847.
BIET, A. Voyage de la France équinoxiale en l'Isle de Cayenne, en
l'année 1652. Paris, 1664.

BODDAM-WHETHAM, J. W. Roraima and British Guiana. London, 1879.
BOLINGBROKE, HENRY. A Voyage to the Demerary. Norwich, 1807.
BORDE, FR. DE LA. History of the origin, customs, religion, wars, and
travels of the Caribs. Timehri, v, pt. 2, Demerara, 1886. Translated
from the French, and condensed, by G. J. A. Bosch-Reitz.
BOSCH-REITZ. See BORDE.

BRETT, W. H. The Indian tribes of Guiana. London, 1868.

Mission work among the Indian tribes, etc. London (n. d.).
Legends and myths. London (n. d.).

BRINTON, DANIEL G. The American race. New York, 1891.
BROWN, C. B. Canoe and camp life in British Guiana. 2d ed., London,
1877.

and LIDSTONE, W. Fifteen thousand miles on the Amazon, etc. London, 1878.

CASAS, BARTOLOMÉ DE LAS. An account of the first voyages and dis-
coveries made by the Spaniards in America. London, 1699.
CASTELNAU, FRANCIS DE. Expédition dans les parties centrales de
l'Amérique du Sud. 4 vols. Paris, 1850-57.

CATALOGUE OF CONTRIBUTIONS transmitted from British Guiana to the
London International Exhibition, 1862. Georgetown, 1862.
Catlin, GeorgE. Life among the Indians. London (n. d.).

15961°-30 ETH-15—-8

113

DAC

Cou

Cr

Da

FD

Df PE

Fe

WF

GF

Go

GB

G

НА

HiA

HiB

Hic

AVH

IT WI

Je

ᎳᎫ

CHANCA, DIEGO ALVAREZ: The letter of, dated 1494, relating to the second
voyage of Columbus to America, by A. M. Fernandez de Ybarra.
Smithsonian Misc. Coll., No. 1698, pp. 428-457, 1907.
COUDREAU, H. A. La France équinoxiale. 2 vols. Paris, 1887.
CRÉVAUX, J. Voyages dans l'Amérique du Sud. Paris, 1883.
DALTON, HENRY G. The history of British Guiana. 2 vols. London,
1855.

DANCE, CHAS. DANIEL. Chapters from a Guianese log-book. Demerara, 1881.

[DAVIES]. The History of the Caribby Islands 1666. [For the
original work see ROCHEFORT.]
DEPONS, F. Travels in parts of South America, during the years 1801,
1802, 1803, 1804. London, 1806. (In Phillips, Coll. of Modern
Voyages, vol. iv, London, 1806.)

DIXON, GEO. G. Four months of travel in British Guiana. Geographical
Journal, April, 1895.

DRAKE. Sir Francis Drake Revised: etc. 1626.
DUFF, ROBT. British Guiana. Glasgow, 1866.

EHRENREICH, PAUL. Die Mythen und Legenden der südamerikanischen
Urvölker. Berlin, 1905.

FERMIN, PHILIPPE. Description générale, historique, géographique et
physique de la Colonie de Surinam. 2 vols. Amsterdam, 1769.
FEWKES, J. WALTER. An Antillean statuette, with notes on West Indian
religious beliefs. Amer. Anthr., n. s., x1, pp. 348-358, 1909.
Scalping in America. Smithsonian Rep. for 1906,

FRIEDERICI, GEORG.
pp. 423-438, 1907.

GALARD-TERRAUBE. Neue Reise nach Cayenne. Leipzig, 1799.
GILI, F. S. Saggio di storia Americana.

DE GOEJE, C. H. Beiträge zur Völkerkunde von Surinam. Int. Archiv
für Ethnographie, Bd. xix, Heft i-ii, pp. 1-34, Leiden, 1908.
GRILLET, JOHN, and BECHAMEL, FRANCIS. A journal of the travels of
into Guiana. London, 1698.

GUMILLA, JOSEPH. Historia natural. . . . del Rio Orinoco. 2 vols.
Barcelona, 1791.

HARCOURT, ROBERT. A relation of a voyage to Guiana. London, 1613.
HARTSINCK, J. J. Beschryving van Guiana of de wilde Kust in Zuid-
America . . . . . Amsterdam, 1770.

HERRERA, ANTONIO DE. Historia general de los Hechos de los Castellanos
en las islas, etc. Second edition. Madrid, 1730.

HILHOUSE, WILLIAM. Journal of a voyage up the Massaroony in 1831.
Jour. Roy, Geog. Soc., IV, pp. 25-40, 1834.

The Warow land of British Guiana. Ibid., pp. 321-333.

Notices of the Indians settled in the interior of British Guiana. Ibid., 11, pp. 227-249, 1832.

HUMBOLDT, ALEXANDER VON.

noctial regions of America.

Personal narrative of travels to the equi

3 vols. London, 1852-53.

IM THURN, EVERARD F. Among the Indians of Guiana. London, 1883.
IRVING, WASHINGTON. Companions of Columbus. London, 1884.
JENMAN, G. S. To Kaieteur [in 1881]. Georgetown, 1907.
JOEST, W. Ethnographisches und Verwandtes aus Guayana. Leiden,
1893.

JUAN Y SANTACILIA, JORGE, and ULLOA, ANTONIO DE.

America. 2 vols. London, 1760.

A voyage to South

АК

Ki

KG

Nor

Pnk
LAP

ROP

AR

StC

Sco

SCR

SCA

ScB

Sc Bc
ScC

ScD

ScE

ScF

ScG

ScH

KAPPLER, A. Sechs Jahre in Surinam. Stuttgart, 1854.
KEYE, O. Kurtzer Entwur von Neu-Niederland und Guajana. Leipzig,
1672.

KIRKE, HENRY. Twenty-five years in British Guiana. London, 1898.
KOCH-GRÜNBERG, THEODOR. Zwei Jahre unter den Indianern. Reisen
in Nordwest Brasilien, 1903-5. 2 vols. Berlin, 1910.

KUNIKE, HUGO. Das Sogenannte "Männerkindbett." Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, Heft I-IV, pp. 546-563, 1911.

LABAT, J. B. Nouveau voyage aux isles de l'Amérique. 6 vols. Paris, 1722.

Voyage du Chevalier des Marchais en Guinée, Isles Voisines, et à Cayenne, en 1725-27. Amsterdam, 1731.

LA CONDAMINE, CHARLES MARIE DE. Relation abrégée d'un voyage fait dans l'interieur de l'Amérique méridionale. Maestricht, 1778. LAFITAU. Mœurs des sauvages amériquains. 2 vols.

LAS CASAS.

See CASAS.

LIDSTONE. See BROWN.

MARTIUS. See SPIX.

Paris, 1724.

NORDENSKIOLD, ERLAND. Indianerleben. El Gran Chaco (Sudamerika).

Leipzig, 1912.

PATERSON, J. D. British Guiana local guide 1843 [from notes of].

PENARD, F. P. and A. P. De Menschetende Aanbidders der Zonneslang.
Paramaribo, 1907.

NIEUHOFF, J. Voyages and travels into Brasil. 1707.

PINCKARD, GEORGE. Notes on the West Indians. 2 vols. London, 1816.
Prrou, L. A. Voyage à Cayenne. 2 vols. Paris, 1807.

PREUSS, K. TH. Die Opferblutschale der alten Mexikaner erläutert nach
den Angaben der Cora-Indianer. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, XLш, pp.
293-306, 1911.

QUANDT, C. Nachricht von Suriname und seinen Einwohnern, etc.
Görlitz, 1807.

ROCHEFORT, C. DE, and POINCY, L. DE. Histoire naturelle et morale des
iles Antilles de l'Amérique. Rotterdam, 1665.

ROJAS, ARISTIDES. Obras escogidas. Paris, 1907.

ST. CLAIR, T. STAUNTON. A residence in the West Indies and America. 2 vols. London, 1834.

SCHOMBURGK, O. A. Reisen in Guiana und am Orinoko. Leipzig, 1841. SCHOMBURGK, RICHARD. Reisen in Britisch Guiana. 2 vols. Leipzig, 1847-48.

SCHOMBURGK, ROBERT HERMANN. Diary of an ascent of the river Berbice. Jour. Roy. Geog. Soc., ví, pp. 302-350, 1837.

Expedition to the lower parts of the Barima and Guiania rivers.
Ibid., xn, pp. 169-178, 1842.

Excursion up the Barima and Cuyuni rivers.
Diary of an ascent of the River Corentyn.

301, 1837.

Ibid., pp. 178-196. Ibid., ví, pp. 285–

A description of British Guiana. London, 1840.
Journey to the sources of the Essequibo, etc.
Soc., x, pp. 159-190, 1841.

Jour. Roy. Geog.

Journey from Fort San Joaquim to Roraima. Ibid., pp. 191–247. Report of an expedition into the interior of British Guayana. Ibid., vi, pp. 224-284, 1836.

1841.

Journey from Esmeralda to San Carlos. Ibid., x, pp. 248-267,

SCT

AS

SM

St

VDS

Ti

ARW

W

SCHOMBURGK, ROBERT HERMANN. Visit to the sources of the Takutu.
Ibid., XIII, pp. 18-75. London, 1843.

On the religious traditions of the Macusi Indians who inhabit the
upper Mahu and a portion of the Mocaraima Mountains. Read before
the Society of Antiquaries Nov. 17th, 1836. [Thus far I have been
unable to trace the publication of this address.-W. E. R.]
SIMSON, ALFRED. Travels in the wilds of Ecuador. London, 1886.
SPIX and MARTIUS. Reise in Brasilien. 3 vols. Munich, 1823–31.
STEDMAN, J. G. Narrative of a five years' expedition against the revolted
negroes of Surinam. 2 vols. London, 1806.

VON DEN STEINEN. Durch Zentralbrasilien. Leipzig, 1886.

Unter dem naturvölkern Zentralbrasiliens. Berlin, 1893.
DU TERTRE, JEAN BAPTISTE. Histoire générale des Antilles habitées par
les Français. 4 vols. Paris, 1667-71.

TIMEHRI. Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of
British Guiana. See various volumes cited.
ULLOA. See JUAN Y SANTACILIA.

WALLACE, A. R. A narrative of travels on the Amazon and Rio Negro.
London, New York, and Melbourne, 1889.

WATERTON, CHAS. Wanderings in South America. London, 1891.
WICKHAM, H. A. Rough note of a journey from Trinidad to Para via the
Orinoco and Rio Negro. London, 1872.

YBARRA, FERNANDEZ DE. See CHANCA.

AN INQUIRY INTO THE ANIMISM AND FOLK-LORE OF

THE GUIANA INDIANS

By WALTER E. ROTH

CHAPTER I

NO EVIDENCE OF BELIEF IN A SUPREME BEING

Originally, Indians had no terms expressive of the conception of a Supreme Being; such terms as they now possess have been framed to suit civilized, especially missionary, requirements (1). On the other hand, traditions of certain Tribal Heroes have been unconsciously assumed as indicative of the existence among the natives of the knowledge of a God (2).

1. Careful investigation forces one to the conclusion that, on the evidence, the native tribes of Guiana had no idea of a Supreme Being in the modern conception of the term. This contention is confirmed in a way by Gumilla (II, 7), one of the early missionary fathers on the Orinoco, who writes as follows:

In three nations which will be mentioned directly they have a word indicative, after their fashion, of God: we trust that time and labor will also reveal, in other tribes, a name which until now they have furnished no sign of recognizing either by word or expression. Even in the said nations no outward ceremony of divine worship or adoration has been observed. Nor are the terms which express God in the different languages so particularized and indubitable as to convince us of their sure and certain signification. The Caribs call God Quiyumocón, i. e., Our Big Father, but it is not sufficiently clear whether they mean by this expression the First Cause or the most ancient of their ancestors. The Salivas say that Púru made all that is good; that he lives in the expanse of the sky... The Betoyes, before their conversion, used to say that the Sun was God, and in their language, they speak of both God and Sun as Theos.

The nations of the upper Orinoco, the Atabapo, and the Inirida, as Humboldt records, have no worship other than that of the powers of Nature: they call the good principle Cachimana; it is the Manito, the Great Spirit, that regulates the seasons and favors the harvests (AVH, II, 362). In Cayenne there is the similar evidence of the Jesuits Grillet and Bechamel (25): "The Nouragues and the Acoquas, in Matters of Religion, are the same with the Galibis. They acknowledge there is a God, but do not worship him. They say he dwells in Heaven, without knowing whether he is a Spirit or no, but rather seem to believe he has a body . . . The Nouragues and the Acoquas call him Maire, and never talk of him but in fabulous stories." They

1 This and similar reference numbers correspond to section numbers, which appear in bold-face type. 2 See Note under WORKS OF REFERENCE (p. 113) as to the system employed in this memoir in the citation of authorities.