the Spanish, are as follow: ah, ay, ce, chito, chiton, ea, éte, fu, ha, he, ho, hola, ó, pu, ta, tate.

Of these, ah, ay, ó, are expressive of grief, joy, indignation, and admiration, and therefore may be said to correspond with the English hey! ah ! O! ho! hah! &c. Ce, éte, ha, he, hola, are used to call the attention, and are similar to hem, lo, hip, holla, &c. in English: hola is also used to express wonder, and he to demand a repetition of something that has been told us from a distance, and which we have not heard distinctly. The latter is sometimes denoted in English by the word what!

Chito, chiton are the equivalents of hush, mum. Ea serves to encourage: fu is the same as pshaw ! pu is used like foh! and ta and tate are employed like halt, hold, &c. There are also many ejaculatory expressions, which are considered by some as interjections: such as, quita! away! viva! huzza ! valgame Dios! bless me !

RULE 143. Adjectives employed as interjections require de before the noun to which they are applied; as

¡Pobre de mi padre!
¡Desdichada de mi madre!

Oh! my poor father! Oh! my unhappy mother!

Note a.-The interjection ay when used like the English woe, requires de before the following noun; as, woe to thee! woe to them who die in their sins, &c. ay de ti! ¡ ay de aquellos que mueren en sus pecados, &c.

Note b.-The interjection éte is used with the personal pronouns only, and always joined to the first objective case: as, étela que viene, lo she comes! Eteme aquí ya fuera de Oviedo, Behold me here, or, Lo here am I, already out of Oviedo. (Gil Blas, ch. 2.)

ON THE FIGURES OF SYNTAX.

FIGURES of Syntax are a name given to certain deviations from the strict observance of the rules of syntax, which are sometimes allowed, in order to enhance the beauty or energy of the expression. These figures are called Hyperbaton, Ellipsis, Pleonasm, and Syllepsis.

Hyperbaton is the figure by which we are permitted to invert the syntactical arrangement of words: this figure admits of great variety, as may be seen by the following examples: Gustabanme mucho las disputas, instead of, Las disputas me gustaban mucho. Here, as may be seen, the subject follows in lieu of preceding its own verb. Licvóme á su casa, for, me llevó á su casa: here the pronominal objective case is placed after the verb, instead of being put before, according to Rule 47. See also note a to this rule.

Son tan felices las prontitudes del ingenio, &c. for, Las prontitudes del ingenio son tan felicesPasearonla y repasearonla delante del mulatero que con grande atencion la exáminó de pies á cabeza, in lieu of, Delante del mulatero que la exáminó con grande atencion.

Numerous other examples might be given to show the various manner in which the hyperbaton is used. It ought however to be observed, that a substantive is never followed by its article, nor is a preposition ever preceded by its regimen. admissible in poetry to place a noun governed

It is

before the noun which governs it; but never in prose: as,

De tanta confusion, no las arenas
Del padre tajo oyrán los tristes ecos
Ni del Famoso Betis las olivas.

Don Quixote, b. ii. ch. 14.

Ellipsis is a figure which permits the suppression of one or more words. It may affect all the parts of speech: as, no me hartaba de verle (de) tocarle y (de) retocarle; (here the preposition is twice omitted): y me dió tantas gracias como yo (dí) espolazos á la mula; (here the verb is understood): sí, este maravilloso secreto, que yo te comunico y (que) la naturaleza no pudo ocultar. (Yo) ordené que le sangrasen sin misericordia y (que) le diesen de beber agua caliente en abundancia. In the first of the two latter examples the relative is omitted; and in the second the pronoun and the conjunction are suppressed.

Pleonasm allows the introduction of some redundant words: as, lo ví por mis ojos, for, lo ví only; lo escribí de mi mano, for only lo escribí. Yo mismo, tú propio, instead of saying, yo, tú only. The double introduction of the objective case used in Spanish is through this figure: as, El me quiere á mí; yo te di el libro á tí; nosotros le hemos escrito á él, &c. instead of, él me quiere ; yo te dí el libro, nosotros le hemos escrito.

Syllepsis* permits a spécies of false concord, enabling us to make words agree not according to their real import, but according to what we make them represent: thus any title, which by its termination is of the feminine gender, whenever it is applied to a man, will have an adjective, &c. in its masculine termination: as, vuestra majestad es

This figure seems to be a species of the ellipsis.

justo; vuestra alteza sea servido; ¿ estan vms. buenos caballeros ?-See note b to Rule 23. In like manner a collective noun in the singular is sometimes coupled with a verb in the plural: as, entraron en la ciudad una multitud; una tropa salieron al encuentro. See note a to Rule 110.

These are the figures which are admitted in the Spanish language. It is hardly possible to lay down any rules for their application. Observation seems the most effectual means of acquiring the right use of them: and they have been introduced here in order only that learners may not be misled, in the course of their reading, by supposing inaccurate or imperfect any sentence wherein some of the figures are employed.

APPENDIX

A CONCISE AND USEFUL VOCABULARY OF THE MOST NECESSARY WORDS.

Of the Universe in general.

the sunbeams, los rayos del the rain, la lluvia.