From, de; I come from Spain, vengo de España. N. B. From in computing distances is rendered by desde; as, there are six miles from London to Greenwich, hay dos leguas desde Londres á Greenwich; from his birth until now, desde su nacimiento hasta ahora. In, or, into, en or por; as, in the summer, en el verano ; in the morning, por la mañana; put it into the closet, ponlo en el gavinete. N. B. Into after verbs of motion (except to enter) is rendered by á; to go down into the cellar, baxar á la bodega; he entered the church, entró en la iglesia. See also Rule 29, note c. Near, or, nigh, cerca de ; near the altar, cerca del altar. Of, de; as, the seal of the letter, el sello de la carta, a crown of gold, una corona de oro. On, or, upon, sobre;* as, on, or, upon the chair, sobre la silla; we spoke on, or, upon the subject, hablamos sobre la materia. On is also frequently rendered by en; as, the dish is on table, el plato está en la mesa. On, after the verbs to subsist, to feed, &c. is translated de; as, he feeds on hopes, and she subsists on air, él se alimenta de esperanzas, y ella se sustenta de ayre. N. B. On is never translated before the names of the days of the week, or of the month; as, you came on the twenty-second, and I came on Tuesday, vm. vino el veinte y dos, y yo vine el Martes. Over, encima de ;* as, over the window, encima de la ventana; the cloud is over the mountain, la nube está encima de la montaña. Over, through, por; we travelled over the whole country, viajamos por todo el pais. Round, or, around, al rededor de; we walked round the town, nos paseamos al rededor de la ciudad. Through, por; I passed through the Park, pasé por el Parque. Through, denoting the cause, is de; he died through hunger, murió de hambre. * See the author's Synonyms, page 86. Till, or, until, hasta ; he will not come until to-morrow, no vendrá hasta mañana. To, á; as, I delivered it to the owner, lo entregué al dueño; he goes to London, va á Londres. To, after from, and having the same regimen, en ; as, from door to door, de puerta en puerta. Towards, hácia; towards the east, hácia el oriente. Under, debaxo de or baxo;* as, under the bridge, debaxo del puente; under this government, baxo este gobierno. With, con; as, with the sword, con la espada; with mildness, con dulzura. Within, dentro de; as, he is within the house, está dentro de la casa. Without, sin; as, he came without him, vino sin él. Without, as opposite to within, fuera de; he was seated without the church, estaba sentado fuera de la iglesia. In the foregoing list no notice has been taken of the prepositions by which the English verbs are sometimes followed, and which seem as it were inseparable from them; as, to get at, to cast up, to look for, &c. because in general these verbs and prepositions are construed in Spanish by a verb alone; as, alcanzar, sumar, buscar, &c. Neither has any thing been said respecting English prepositions before the infinitive or participle, because that has been already discussed in speaking of Verbal Regimen and of the Spanish Gerund. RULE 140. Prepositions govern the objective case;† as Me quexo de tí, I complain of thee. Note a.-The preposition segun has the peculiarity of being used alone with a verb in its indicative or subjunctive mood; as, segun creo, according to what I believe; segun hayan respondido, according as they may have answered, &c. Entonces el arriero, segun supe con el tiempo, &c. Then the carrier, as I was afterwards informed. (Gil Blas, ch. 3.) * See the author's Synonyms, page 5. ON CONJUNCTIONS. Having described in the first part of this work the nature, properties, and distribution of Spanish conjunctions, and enumerated in note a to Rule 133, those conjunctive expressions which require the subjunctive mood after them, I shall offer here a few observations on some conjunctions, that, on account of the various meanings under which they are used in English, cannot be always resolved into their equivalents in Spanish. On But. But, it is said, belongs both to the conjunctive as well as to the exceptive class of English conjunctions, its import as a conjunctive being "add" or moreover,' and as an exceptive "unless" or "without." Considering but in this light only, I should say that its equivalents in Spanish are in the first instance pero or mas, and in the second sino or menos; nevertheless as this, however, is not always the case, it will be necessary to examine more minutely the different words for which but is often substituted, giving previously two rules for the construing of but, either as a conjunctive or exceptive conjunction, according to the imports above mentioned. RULE 141. The conjunction but, not being preceded by a negative, is expressed by pero or mas; and after a negative it is construed sino: as I am rich, but I am not happy, He is not happy, but rich, They all went thither, Yo soy rico, pero, or, mas no soy dichoso. No es dichoso, sino rico. Todos fueron allá, pero, but his brother arrived the first, They did not go on Monday, but on Tuesday, or, mas su hermano llegó el primero. No fueron el Lunes, sino el Mártes. Note a.-It is to be observed, that although sino is the most proper to be used after a negative, pero or mas is preferable when the verb is repeated; as, they did not go on Monday, but they went on Tuesday, no fueron el Lunes, pero or mas fueron el Mártes. N. B. Pero is sometimes used as a substantive, and then it signifies defect; as, ella no tiene pero, she has no blemish. RULE 142. The exceptive but being preceded by an interrogative pronoun, or by a negative, is expressed sino; and not following a negative is rendered ménos: as Who said it but you? She eats nothing but fruit,* She eats all but the rind, They all went thither but his brother, ¿Quien lo dixo sino vm.? Ella no come sino fruta. Elia come todo ménos la corteza. Todos fueron allá ménos su hermano. Note a.-When the word but is used as a substitute for some other words, it is generally rendered in Spanish by the words which it represents. Example: He was hardly gone out but (when) the house fell down, Apenas hubo salido quando se cayó la casa. But (if it were not) for me, he would die with cold, si no fuera por mi, él se moriria de frio. But that I think (if I did not think that) it would vex thee, I would tell it thee, si yo no pensara que te molestase, te lo diria. There is no one but is (that is not) a sinner, no hay ninguno que no sea pecador. He went no day into the country but he returned (that he returned not) loaded, ningun dia fué al campo que no volvió cargado. I have but (only) one servant, tengo solo un criado. I came but (I came not till) yesterday, no vine hasta ayer. * It is almost needless to observe that many of the foregoing examples admit a different turn in the Spanish as well as in the English: thus we might say, ella no come mas, or no come nada mas, que fruta, she eats no more, or she eats nothing more, than fruit, &c. That means no more but (than) to tell me to go away, eso no quiére decir mas que decirme que me vaya. I am well aware that, in the last, as well as in some others, of the foregoing examples, but is very improperly used: nevertheless, the frequency with which such expressions occur in common discourse seems sufficient to sanction their introduction here. As is como: example; black as pitch, negro como la pez. As being followed by so is expressed asi como: example; as he rewards virtue, so he punishes vice, así como premia la virtud, así castiga el vicio. As meaning when is quando: example; we met her as we were going home, la encontramos quando íbamos á casa. N. B. For as and so used like adverbs, see Rule 26. Neither and nor are rendered by ni: example; he will neither sell it nor give it, no quiere ni venderlo ni darlo. Neither at the end of a sentence is translated tampoco; as, nor I neither, ni yo tampoco. N.B. When either comes accompanied by a negative, it is translated like neither: example; I will not see them, nor she either, yo no quiero verlos, ni ella tampoco. Rather. This adverb when used as an adversative conjunction is resolved into ántes or ántes bien: example; I owe him nothing, rather he owes me something, yo no le debo nada, ántes or ántes bien él me debe algo.* Whether is si: example; tell me whether he will come or not, digame vm. si él vendrá ó no. Whether in phrases like the following is expressed que: example; whether he come or not, I do not care anything, que venga ó que no venga, no se me da nada. ON INTERJECTIONS. An interjection, as has been already observed, is that part of speech which serves to express the different emotions and affections of the mind. The words which may be considered as interjections in * See Colloquial Idioms, Exercises, page 112. |