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Cesar escribió clara, concisa, y elegantemente,

Piensa sabiamente y se explica claramente,

Cæsar

wrote clearly, concisely, and elegantly.

He thinks wisely and expresses himself clearly.

Observation.

No rules can be given to direct learners where to place the adverb, because its situation in the sentence depends greatly on the manner in which it is employed: nevertheless, it may be observed that adverbs of manner, especially those ending in mente, are generally placed after the verb, unless the sentence begins for the sake of elegance with the adverb; as, llegué felizmente á Peñaflor, I arrived happily at Peñaflor; le habia dicho freqüentemente, I had frequently said to him; no hemos hecho bien, we have not done well; inmediatamente monté en mi mula, y salí de la ciudad, I immediately mounted my mule, and went out of the city; mal conoces la caridad de los Españoles, thou art badly acquainted with the charity of the Spaniards. The adverb no is always prefixed to the verb which it modifies; as, no vendemos, we do not sell; no habias comprado, thou hadst not bought. Mas and menos, when they do not begin the sentence, should follow the verb which they modify; as, queria mas, he wanted more; tengo menos, I have less. Sí and no, being used as an objective case to some verb, require que before them, unless they are preceded by an article; as, you say yes, and I say no, vm. dice que sí, y yo digo que no; he answered not a word, no respondió un sí ni un no.

Observation on Jamas, Nunca, No, and Muy.

Jamas and nunca have both the same import, and may therefore be indifferently used for each other; as, jamas or nunca le habia hablado, I had never spoken to her: but jamas has the peculiarity of being coupled with nunca, never, and with siempre, ever, in order to give more energy to the expression; as, nunca jamas lo haré, never, no never, shall I do so; que vives y reinas

por siempre jamas, who livest and reignest for ever and

ever.

No is sometimes used redundantly after comparatives, in order to render the contrast more striking; as, mejor es el trabajo que no la ociosidad, labour is better than idleness; mas vale ayunar que no enfermar, it is better to fast than to be ill. N. B. In both these sentences no might have been omitted without impairing the sense.

When a verb is preceded by no, another negative word may be placed after, and the two negatives will serve to strengthen each other, contrary to the practice of the English language: we may therefore say, no tengo nada, I have nothing; no he visto á nadie, I have seen nobody; no lo haré nunca, I shall never do it: but if the negative word be prefixed to the verb, no must be omitted; as, nada tengo, á nadie he visto, nunca lo haré, &c.

Muy is the equivalent to the English very or very much; as, very humble, muy humilde ; very early, muy temprano; very heartily, muy de corazon; very much yours, or, wholly yours, muy de vm.; very much at your service, muy al servicio de vm. &c. but muy can never qualify a verb; as, I like that very much, eso me gusta muchísimo; he very much resembles his father, se parece muchísimo á su padre.

ON PREPOSITIONS.

In addition to the prepositions inserted at page 76, Part I., and which in point of fact are the only ones that the Spanish Academy esteems as such, we employ several adverbs and adverbial moods or expressions as substitutes for prepositions; and whenever they are so used, the noun or pronoun by which they are followed must be preceded by the preposition de or á ; as, cerca del palacio, near the palace; al rededor del jardin, round the garden; junto á la casa, close to the house. It is not possible to enumerate all these species of words within the limits of a book of this nature; but the

following list will be found to contain a very useful collection for learners.

Words requiring de before the following noun. Acerca de; as, acerca de este negocio, concerning this business.

A cubierto de; as, á cubierto de la tempestad, under shelter from the storm.

Ademas de; as, ademas de lo que vm. dixo, besides what you said.

Al lado de; as, sientate al lado de ella, sit down beside her.

Antes de; as, ántes de las nueve, before nine o'clock. de; as, á pesar de sus ruegos, in spite of his

A

pesar entreaties.

Cerca de; as, cerca de la una, near one o'clock. Debaxo de; as, debuxo de la mesa, under the table. Delante de; as, delante del juez, before the judge. Dentro de; as, dentro de la casa, within the house. Despues de; as, despues del sermon, after the sermon. Detras de; as, detras de la iglesia, behind the church. Encima de; as, encima del espejo, above the looking-glass. Enfrente de; as, enfrente de la Bolsa, opposite the Exchange.

Fuera de; as, fuera de las murallas, without the walls. Lejos de; as, lejos de la ciudad, far from the city

Mas acá de; as, mas acá del Hospital, on this side of the Hospital.

Mas allá de; as, mas allá del Parque, beyond the Park.

The following require á after them.

Conforme á ; as, conforme á las leyes del reino, according to the laws of the realm.

Junto á; as, junto á la Torre, close to the Tower. Tocante á; as, tocante á las reglas se observará, &c. concerning the rules it will be observed, &c.

Observation.

Antes and despues retain the preposition de when they are followed by a verb in the infinitive, but take que in any other mood; as, Antes de comer, before dinner; ántes que comamos, before we dine; despues de cenar,

after supper; despues que vm. haya cenado, after you have supped; enfin despues de haber comido y bebido, &c. after having eaten and drunk. Despues que el capitan de bandoleros hizo esta apologia, After the captain of highwaymen made this apology.

A List of English Prepositions with a corresponding Preposition in Spanish.

Above, encima de; above the door, encima de la puerta. N.B. Above, meaning beyond, cannot be rendered by

a preposition in Spanish; as, above two hours, mas de dos horas.

About, cerca de; as, about one o'clock, cerca de la una. About, for within, en ; as, he is about the house, está en la casa, or, en casa.

About, for through, por ; as, he went singing about the streets, iba cantando por las calles.

About, for on, sobre; as, a treatise about the longitude, tratado sobre la longitud.

After, despues de; as, after the sentence, despues de la

sentencia.

After, for according to, á or segun; as, after the Spanish fashion, á la moda Española; after his manner of teaching, segun su modo de enseñar.

Against, contra; as, against her, contra ella.

Against, for fronting, enfrente de; as, we live against the church, vivimos enfrente de la iglesia.

Among or between, entre; as, among all, entre todos; between the two, entre los dos.

At, á; at the door, á la puerta ; seated at table, sentado á la mesa; at nine o'clock, á las nueve.

At, for in, en; at church, en la iglesia; at London, en Londres; at home, en casa.

At, for on, en; the best dish at table, el mejor plato en la mesa.

At, for through, por; as, we went out at the window, salimos por la ventana.

Before, as opposed to after, ántes de; as, he walks before

the king, viene ántes del rey; I shall arrive before Christmas, llegaré ántes de Navidad.

Before, opposed to behind, delante de; as, she was on her knees before the image, ella estaba de rodillas delante de la imágen.

Behind, detras de; as, behind the Exchange, detras de la Bolsa.

Beneath, debaro de; as, beneath the heavens, debaro del cielo.

Beside, al lado de; as, she was seated beside the queen, estaba sentada al lado de la reyna.

Between, or, betwixt. See Among.

Beyond, mas allá de; as, beyond the temple, mas allá del templo. See N. B: after Above.

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By, por or de; as, he was sent by the captain, fué enviado por el capitan; virtue is beloved by the good, la virtud es amada por or de los buenos.

Rule 115.

See note a to

By, for in, de; as, by day, de dia; by night, de noche. By, for close to, junto á; as, the house is by the Tower, la casa está junto á la Torre.

For, para; as, this flower is for her, esta flor es para ella; I have bought two horses for my coach, he comprado dos caballos para mi coche; it cannot be denied, that for a man who has never been instructed he explains himself well, no se puede negar que para un hombre que no ha sido instruidojamas él se explica bien. For, meaning for the sake of, por; as, he died for his country, murió por su patria.

For, in behalf of, por; he pleaded for his father, abogó por su padre.

For, on account of, por; he died for our sins, murió por nuestros pecados; for this reason, por esta razon. For, during, por; as, I shall go there for two months, iré allá por dos meses.

For, in the room of, por; I am here for him, estoy aquí por él.

For, in exchange for, por; I will give thee my watch for thy sword, te darć mi muestra por tu espada; I shall sell the house for five hundred dollars, venderé la casa por quinientos pesos.

For, meaning to fetch, por; he goes for bread, and I come for wine, va por pan, y yo vengo por vino.

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