RULE 103. Locality is denoted by estar; as

El estaba en la calle,
Yo estaré á la puerta,

El desertor estaba entre dos soldados,

El reo está delante del juez,

Tú estabas con tu amigo,

He was in the street. I shall be at the door.

The deserter was be

tween two soldiers. The culprit is before the judge.

Thou wast with thy friend.

RULE 104. Estar is employed always to con

jugate a verb in the gerund; as

El estará predicando,

He will he preaching.

Hemos estado arguyendo, We have been arguing.

RULE 105. Before adverbs or adverbial expressions denoting manner, we generally use estar; as

Está de moda,

Estaba de rodillas,
Estoy de priesa,

Estoy del mismo parecer,

He is in the fashion.

He was on his knees.
I am in haste.

I am of the same opi

nion.

Note a. The last of these sentences is often found with ser; but the observation already made on the different meaning of the two verbs is equally applicable in this instance; and if we examine the expression, we shall find that ser denotes my way of thinking in a more general, and estar in a more limited point of view; and that soy de este parecer, means, this is the way I have always thought; and estoy de este parecer, this is my present opinion.

RULE 106.

as after it; as

Ser requires the same case before

Si yo fuera tú,

Si tú fueras ella,

If I were thou.

If thou wert she.

Note a.-The objective case of the neuter pronoun ello is fre

quently used with ser, and then it is generally translated so; as, vm. dice que es viejo, pero ni vm. ni yo lo somos, you say that you are old, but neither you nor I are so; vm. piensa que ella es rica, pero no lo es, you think that she is rich, but she is not so; crée que estoy enojado, y á la verdad lo estoy, he thinks that I am angry, and so indeed I am. Sometimes it may be omitted; as, vm. es rico, pero yo no, or pero yo no lo soy, you are rich, but I am not, or but I am

not so.

Note b.--Although the verbs ser and estar, as has been observed, may be used sometimes with the same adjective; yet this cannot always be done, there being some adjectives which vary their meaning according as they are coupled with ser or estar; as, ser bueno, to be good; estar bueno, to be well; ser malo, to be wicked; estar malo, to be ill; ser cansado, to be tiresome; estar cansado, to be tired; ser vivo, to be lively; estar vivo, to be alive or living, &c.

Observation

The verb estar is often followed by infinitives, which are preceded by the preposition para or por: with para it denotes that the action or energy of the verb, which is in the infinitive, is about to take place; as, estaba el brazo para descargar el golpe, the arm was ready or was about to strike the blow: with por it describes the said action, &c. as not having taken place, or expresses an inclination on the part of the agent to execute it; as, la casa está por acabar, the house is to finish, or is not yet finished; estoy por ir á vérle, I have a mind to go and see him.

Tener and Haber, To have.

Both the above verbs imply possession; but the employment of the latter is now limited to that of an auxiliary, in order to form the compound tenses of other verbs.

RULE 107. To have, used as an active verb, is translated tener; and, as an auxiliary, haber; as

To have friends,

I have relations,

Tener amigos.

Tengo parientes.

To have said,

We had spoken,

Haber dicho.

Habiamos hablado.

Note. The verb tener is sometimes found apparently used as an

auxiliary. See Rule 138, note a.

Observation.

When in English the verb to be precedes the adjectives hungry, thirsty, afraid, ashamed, it is changed into the Spanish verb tener, and the adjective into a corresponding substantive: as, are you hungry? & tiene vm. hambre ? i. e. have you hunger? we were thirsty, teniamos sed, i. e. we had thirst; he was not ashamed, no túvo vergüenza, i. e. he had not shame; art thou afraid? ¿tienes miedo? i. e. hast thou fear? The adjective old when equivalent to of age in English is also changed into a substantive; as, he was eighty years old when he died, tenia ochenta años de edad quando murió. It may also be omitted in Spanish: as, Hark ye, Gil Blas, you are seventeen years old, Ola! Gil Blas, tienes diez y siete años. The adjectives hot and cold admit also the same construction provided they are applied to a sentient being; as, we shall be hot, tendrémos calor; he was so cold that he could not move himself, tenia tanto frio que no podia moverse. But if the being be supposed insensible, we use estar instead of tener; as, he was so cold (to the touch) that I thought he was dead, estaba tan frio que pensé que se habia muerto.— N. B. See To be in the right, and To be in the wrong, in Colloquial Idioms, Exercises, p. 107.

RULE 108. When the auxiliaries to have and to be, followed by an infinitive, denote some future action, the former is translated tener que, and the latter haber de; as

We had to write,

He was to come,

Teníamos que escribir.
Habia de venir.

Note a. The verb haber when used impersonally requires also que before the following infinitive; as, no hay que temer, there is nothing to fear.

Present. Imperf. Perf. Future. Pres. Present.

Subjunctive Mood.

Imperfect.

Infinitive.

Future.

3. an.

áron. arán.

asen. arian.

Third Conjugation.

Present. Imperf. Perf. Future. Pres. Present.

Sing. 1. II.

II.

II.

iré.

II.

II.

II.

iria.

II. Infinitive.

N. B. The terminations marked thus (*) change the first i into y, if the last letter of the root be
either a, e, o, or u; as, from caer, cayó; from creer, creyó; from oir, oyeron ; from huir, huyesen ;
and from argüir, arguyó.

In order to point out the similarity which exists between the Second and Third Conjugations,
those terminations which are alike in both have in the latter been omitted.

Except when the u of the root and the i of the termination belong to the same syllable; as, seguir, siguió.