Somebody said it, but I
know not who,
If anybody come to seek
me, say that I am not
at home, because I
fear that some one of
my creditors will come
to pay me a visit,

Alguno lo dixo, pero no sé quien.

Si viene alguien á buscarme, dí que no estoy en casa, por que temo que ha de venir á hacerme visita alguno de mis acreedores.

Note a.-When anybody or any one means anybody whatever, we translate it the same way as whoever. See Rule 84.

Note b.-Some one or any one being followed by of, must never be translated alguien, but aiguno; as, alguno de ellos, some one of them.

RULE 79. Nobody, no one, not anybody, or not any one, is construed nadie, or ninguno in the singular; as

He fears nobody,

I see no one,

A nadie teme.

A ninguno veo.

RULE 80. Something, or anything, is algo; as

Note a. They may also be literally translated, especially in their plural; as, ví algunas cosas que me disgustaron, I saw some things which disgusted me.

RULE 81. Nothing, or not anything, is translated nada; as

Not anything he said convinced her,

His entreaties availed nothing,

Nada de lo que

dixo la

convenció.

Nada importaron sus súplicas.

Note a.-Algo and nada, when used as substantives, admit a noun after them preceded by de; as, ¿ hay algo de nuevo? is there any thing new? su hermano de vm. tiene algo de poëta, your brother is something of a poet. See Rule 21.

N.B. For anything as synonymous with whatever, see Rule 85.

RULE 82. Some, or any, is rendered by alguno in both numbers, or by unos; as

I want books, have you
any?

Do you know any of
these ladies?
I know some,

RULE 83. None, or ninguno; examples: Ninguna de estas señoras es la hija casada, Aninguno le ocurrió que podia ser aquello una ficcion, (Gil Blas, ch.3.)

Me faltan libros, ¿tiene
vm. algunos?
Conoce vm. á algunas

de estas señoras ?
Conozco á unas.

not any, is translated

None of these ladies is

the married daughter. It did not occur to any that the whole might be a fiction.

RULE 84. Whoever, whosoever, whichever, or whichsoever, are translated quienquiera que, or qualquiera que, in both numbers; as

Whoever thou mayest be,

Whoever may come,

Quienquiera que seas.
Qualquiera que venga.

To whomsoever you meet, A qualquiera que vm.

encuentre.

Note a.-Qualquiera very frequently loses the last vowel in both numbers, but this never happens unless when it is followed by some noun with which it agrees; as, qualquier hombre, qualquier cosa, qualesquier medios, qualesquier causas.

RULE 85. Whatever, or whatsoever, must be expressed by qualquier cosa que; as

Whatever I say,

Qualquier cosa que digo. Whatsoever thou mayest Qualquier cosa que veas.

see,

Note a.-Whatever when used in the sense of all which is generally expressed by todo lo que; as, he did whatever they bid him, hizo todo lo que le mandáron.

RULE 86. Another, other, or others, is rendered by otro in both numbers; as Send me another,

These books are dear, but I have others cheaper,

Mandame otro.

Estos libros son caros,

pero tengo otros mas baratos.

Note a.-When their possessive case is very vaguely used, that is, when it is employed as in opposition to one's own only, it is then resolved into the Spanish adjective ageno; as, no codicies los bienes agenos, do not covet another's wealth; me exortaron á que no tomase lo ageno contra la voluntad de su dueño, they exhorted me not to take the property of another, against the will of its owner. Gil Blas, ch. 1.

RULE 87. Each other is translated uno otro; and one another, unos otros; with or without the article, and with the corresponding preposition placed between them; as, of each other, el uno del otro, or uno de otro. The husband and wife love each other, but the sons and daughters hate one ano

as

ther,

El marido y la muger se

aman uno á otro, pero los hijos y las hijas se aborrecen los unos á los otros.

RULE 88. Both is ambos, and several is varios;

Have you any opportu

nities ?

Yes, I have several, Neither of them has written, because both are ill,

¿Tiene vm. ocasiones?

Sí, tengo varias.

Ni el uno ní el otro ha escrito, por que ambos estan malos.

Note a.-Both may be also rendered uno y otro; as, uno y otro me gustan, I like them both.

RULE 89. Much is construed mucho, and many, muchos; as

Hast thou any money? ¿Tienes dinero? No tengo I have not much, mucho.

You think I have no troubles, but I have

many,

Piensa vm. que no tengo pesadumbres, pero tengo muchas.

RULE 90. Each when alone is cada qual, or

cada uno; as

I have bought six books, each in a different language, They will be rewarded, each according to his merit.

He comprado seis libros, cada uno en un idioma diferente.

Serán premiados, cada qual segun su mérito.

RULE 91. Each, or every, if, when joined to a noun, they are synonymous, is expressed by cada;

as

The daily bread de-
notes the bread of
each day.
He accompanied every
interrogatory with a
very low bow,

El pan quotidiano quiere decir el pan de cada dia.

Cada pregunta la acompañaba con una profunda reverencia.

In such examples as these, cada may be properly termed a distributive adjective indeclinable.

RULE 92. Every, when not denoting the same meaning as each, is translated by todo in both its genders and numbers; as

Every one lighted his candle, and each retired to his room, I examined every one (that is each lady) separately, until Í had examined every one,

He gave them every thing he had.

Encendiéron todos sus velas, y cada uno se retiró á su quarto. Examiné á cada una de por sí, hasta que las hube examinado á todas.

Les dió todo lo que

tenia.

On the Manner of Addressing, &c. Persons in

Spanish.

To the names of individuals in the second or third person is prefixed, as a token of respect, the word Señor or Don.*-Señor has a feminine termination, Señora, and gives derivation to two diminutives, Señorito and Señorita, applicable to young people; and all the four have a regular plural. See Rule 11.

Don admits the feminine termination Doña, but neither of them is used in the plural.

Señor is used only with surnames; as, el Señor Castro, los Señores Garcias, la Señora Dorantes, la Señorita Monteros, &c.

Don can only be prefixed to baptismal names; as, Don Antonio, Don Francisco de Salas, Doña Maria Piña.

Señor Don is the most respectful title, and Don alone holds the next rank; as, el Señor Don Eugenio Izquierdo, el Señor Don Pedro Cevallos, la Señora Doña Catalina Romero, la Señorita Doña Isabel, and Don Diego Garcia, Don Luis Gomez, Doña Maria, Doña Antonia, &c.

To persons who are deemed beneath the appellation of Don we prefix the word Señor to their baptismal name; as, Señor Pedro, Señora Maria Martinez.

*These words are only used in the first person by certain individuals in their official documents; as, Yo Don Francisco Perez Corregidor que soy, &c.