INTERROGATIVES. The four relatives, quien, qual, que, and cuyo, are also used as interrogatives; and correspond to the English interrogatives, who, which, what, and whose. cle RULE 71. Interrogatives do not admit the arti ૐ ; as ¿Quien viene? Who comes? What have we? Cuyos son los libros? Whose are the books? Note a.-Whose is frequently translated de quien; as, ¿ de quien ́son los libros? ¿ de quien era la casa? RULE 72. If the interrogation is governed by a preposition, it must also precede the answer; as ૐ Con quien víno ? Con mi padre, ¿Con quien se casa ella? Con el marques, ¿En que gasta su dinero? En nada, ¿De que murió ? De calentura, With whom did he come? With my father. Whom doth she marry? The marquis. In what does he spend his money? In nothing. What did he die of? A fever. ¿De quien es este pala- Whose palace is this? cio? Del rey, The king's. ¿A como estamos hoy? What day of the month A doce, is to-day? The twelfth. Note a.-Questions asked with cuyo or de quien require de before the answer, unless it be a pronoun possessive; as, cuya or de quien es esu bolsa? de mi padre, whose purse is that? my father's; ; cuyas or de quien son las llaves? mias, whose are the keys? mine. N. B. Demonstratives are never preceded by the articles. When these demonstratives precede the adjective otro, the first and second form with it one word, and lose the final vowel; as Masc. from aquel, Sing. aquel otro, Plur.aquellos otros. aquella, Fem. aquella otra, aquello otro. aquellas otras. Demonstratives have sometimes, like adjectives, the noun (to which their demonstrative property is applied) expressed in the sentence; and, at other times, they represent, like pronouns, a noun already mentioned: as, este jardin, esos árboles, this garden, those trees: and, mi jardin es mas largo que este, my garden is longer than this; tus árboles son mas altos que esos, thy trees are loftier than those. See Observation, p. 42, Part I. Ganaré este pleyto. RULE 73. This is translated by the first; as We shall take this, Tomarémos esto. RULE 74. That may be rendered by the second or third; as That letter, These papers, Esa or aquella carta. Aquellos or esos papeles. To point out exactly when the English demonstrative that is to be translated ese, and when aquel, is attended with much difficulty, since even the rules, which are given by the Spanish Academy for the application of the demonstratives, are insufficient. The Academy says that este denotes an object nearer to the first than to the second person; ese, one exactly the reverse, in point of situation; and aquel, an object very distant from both the persons. However clear this explanation of the Spanish Academy may be, yet it does not remove the difficulty ; because it is possible to use este, ese, and aquel, with objects which, notwithstanding their relative distances, may differ among themselves, yet not in reference to the first and second persons. For instance, if I wished to tell a person who is close to me, that the house in which we are, the one facing us, and one in St. John's Street, are all three mine; I should say, Esta casa en que estamos, esa que está enfrente, y aquella que está en la calle de San Juan, son todas tres mias. Now it is evident that the houses in question are, at the time of my remark, equally distant from the person addressing, and the person addressed. Perhaps their different uses may be more readily found, by considering that, in reference to the speaker, este denotes proximity, ese moderate distance, and aquel remoteness; and therefore we should employ them with objects, according to the adverb, which would describe in English their local situation; in which view este will represent here; ese, there; and aquel, yonder; as, esta casa en que estamos, this house (here) in which we are; esa que está enfrente, that (there) opposite; y aquella en la calle de San Juan, and that (yonder) in St. John's Street, &c. When these demonstratives relate to time, este denotes time present, ese time lately past, and aquel time still further removed from the present; as, este hombre que ves, ese hombre que has visto hoy, y aquel hombre que vimos la semana pasada, son parientes mios, this man whom you see, that man whom you have seen to-day, and that man whom we saw last week, are relations of mine. RULE 75. English personal pronouns, followed by a relative not agreeing in case, are generally resolved by the demonstrative in Spanish; as We ought to reward Debemos premiar á aquel him who labours for que trabaja por la patria. the country, RULE 76. That, used twice in the sentence, is generally translated by aquel the second time, if the objects differ in their distance, and by ese if they do not; as That man who is there, Ese hombre que está ahí, and that that is yon- y aquel que está allí. der, That man, and that Ese hombre, y esa muger woman who goes with que va con él. him. Note a.-The latter is generally translated este, and the former, ese, in the corresponding gender and number; as, virtue and vice preduce "different effects, the former makes men happy, the latter makes them miserable, la virtud y el vicio producen efectos diferentes, esa hace felices á los hombres, este los hace desdichados. Note b.-When that (followed by of or which, expressed or understeod) refers to a noun already mentioned, the English demonstrative is generally rendered by the Spanish article in the corresponding number and gender; as, in his house and in that of the earl, en su casa y en la del conde; from this book and that I bought, de este libro y del que compré ; to this man and to that I saw, á este hombre y al que ví. Note c.-The expression that is, used in the sense of namely, is translated esto es; as, He made us alight at an inn, which is at the entrance of the village, that is, a little way out of it, Hizonos apear en un meson que está á la entrada del lugar, esto es, un poco fuera de él. Gil Blas, ch. 3. The use of the Indefinites, as far as they correspond with words of similar import, in English, may be generally ascertained by the following rules: RULE 77. One is rendered by uno; as RULE 78. Somebody, some one, anybody, any one, are rendered by alguien, or by alguno in the singular; as Has anybody said it? Some one may have said it, ¿Lo ha dicho alguien ? Alguno puede haberlo dicho. *These, properly belonging to the class of adjectives, form their feminine termination like them. See Rule 18. This indefinite is sometimes used without the last letter in both numbers. See Note a to Rule 84. |