her hands, Yo le lavé las manos; i. e. I washed to her the hands. I threw the bridle on her neck, Echele el freno sobre el pezcuezo; i. e. I threw to her the bridle on the neck. Gil. Blas, ch. 2. 3d. When the part of the body is the subject of the verb to ache; as, my head aches, me duele la cabezu; i. e. to me aches the head: their teeth ache, les duelen las muelas; i. e. to them ache the teeth. N.B. The possessive adjective is retained in all cases where the use of the article might occasion ambiguity; as, Dost thou come to take pleasure in the work of thy hands? ¿Vienes á complacerte en la obra de tus manos? Gil Blas, ch. 14. And my mother wished to rear me with her own milk, Y mi madre quiso criarme con su propria leche; And until I was seven years old they held me always in their arms, Y hasta los siete años me tuvieron siempre en sus brazos. Ibid. ch. 5. Many of the most distinguished gentlemen in Spain solicited my hand, Muchos caballeros de los mas principales de España solicitaron mi mano. Ibid.

ch. 11.

The possessive adjective is also changed sometimes for the definite article, although it does not agree with any part of the body, if the person to whom the possessive refers is sufficiently denoted in some other part of the sentence; as, Throw down your purse quickly on the ground, otherwise I will kill you, Eche prontamente la bolsa en el suelo, ó si no le mato. Ibid. ch. 8.

Your is not translated vuestro in Spanish, nor yours, el vuestro, except when we address persons in very exalted stations; as, All your power, Sire, will be useless, answered Sifredo's daughter in a faint voice, Inútil será, Señor, todo vuestro poder,respondió, con desmayada voz, la hija de Sifredo. Ibid. b. iv. ch. 4.

Instead of vuestro we place the definite article, or the possessive adjective, (referring to the third person,) before the noun, and the words de vm. or, de vms. after it; as, these are your books, estos son los, or, sus libros de vm. Gentlemen, your beds are ready, Señores, las, or, sus camas de vms. estan prontas. Madam, I cannot answer your question, Señora, no puedo responder á la, or, á su pregunta de vm. N.B. The words de vm. or

de vms. are frequently left out in asking a question (in familiar discourse) when the noun is preceded by su or sus; as, How is your father? ¿Como está su padre de vm.? or, Como está su padre ? Are your daughters in the country? ¿Estan sus hijas de vm.? or, Estan sus hijas, en el campo ?

Instead of el vuestro, &c. we prefix the article (which the possession would require, were it expressed) before the words de vm. or de vins. ; as, Gentlemen, my coach and yours are at the door, Señores, mi coche, y el (coche) de vms. estan á la puerta. Madam, I shall sell my house and also yours, Señora, venderé mi casa, y tambien la (casa) de vm. Sir, the wind has destroyed our garden and yours, (i. e. your gardens,) Señor, el viento ha destruido nuestro jardin y los (jardines) de vm.

N.B. Qual must always be preceded by the definite article; que but seldom; and quien and cuyo never.

RULE 59. Quient relates to persons only, and is always preceded by the preposition á when governed by the verb; as

El rey es quien lo manda,

El hombre con quien fui

mos,

La muger á quien amas,

The king, (it) is, who

commands it. The man with whom

we went. The woman

thou lovest.

*The o is changed into a in the feminine termination.
The corresponding word to quien in English is who only,

whom

RULE 61. Cuyo also relates both to persons and things, but agrees with the word by which it is immediately followed; as

La nacion cuyo rey es

sabio,

La calle cuyas casas son altas,

The nation whose king

is wise.

The street the houses of which are lofty.

Its equivalents in English are whose and of which.

N.B. Cuyo is a pronoun which partakes of the nature both of a relative and of a possessive pronominal adjective; as the former it relates to an antecedent, the possessor, and like the latter it agrees in gender and number with the possession.

RULE 62. Who, having its antecedent expressed in English, is generally rendered by que, especially if placed close to the antecedent and agreeing with it in case; as

A king who governs
well, rewards the
men who defend the
country,
Every thing was en-
dured by Ingunda,
who had retired to
Africa,

Un rey que gobierna bien, premia á los hombres que defienden la patria. Todo fué sufrido por Ingunda, quien se habia retirado ά Africa.

Note a.-If it be required to repeat who in the sentence, it may be translated que, or qual: as, a king who governs well, and who

* Their equivalents in English are who, which, and that.
G

loves his subjects, un rey que gobierna bien, y que ama á sus vasallos; the God who created us, and who punishes sinners, el Dios que nos crió, y el qual castiga á los pecadores; the men who came, and who saw her, los hombres que vinieron, y que la vieron; the women who went, and who will return no more, las mugeres que fuéron, y las quales no volverán mas.

as

RULE 63. Whom is generally translated quien ;*

The man whom we saw,

The women whom I sent,

El hombre á quien vimos.

Las mugeres á quienes envié.

Note a.-If whom be repeated we may use either quien or qual; as, the man whom we saw, and with whom we spoke, el hombre á quien vimos, y con quien hablamos; the women whom we sent, and with whom they quarrelled, las mugeres á quienes enviamos, y con las quales riñeron.

Note b.-When whom is not preceded by a preposition, it may also be translated que; as, el hombre que vimos, las mugeres que

envié.

RULE 64. If the English antecedent be a personal pronoun agreeing in case with the relative, it is generally suppressed, and the definite article prefixed to the relative; as

He who spoke to me,
She who wrote,
We who are friends,

They who endeavour,

El que me habló.
La que escribió.

Los que somos amigos.
Los que se empeñan.

See Demonstratives, Rule 75.

RULE 65. Yo and tú must always be expressed before the relative; as

I who loved thee.

Yo que te amaba, Tú que me aborreces, Thou who dost hate me. RULE 66. That or which is translated que; as La hacienda que compramos, The estate that we

La espada que tenia,

bought.

The sword which he had.

*See Rule 59.

Note a.-In repetitions we may use que or qual; as, la hacienda que compramos, y que venderemos, the estate which we bought, and which we shall sell; la espada que tenia, y con la qual te hirió, the sword which he had, and with which he wounded thee.

RULE 67. What is translated lo que ;* as When we cannot obtain Quando no podemos what we desire, we ought

to content ourselves with what we have.

lograr lo que de

seamos, debemos contentarnos con lo que tenemos.

Note a.-What repeated is generally que, but sometimes qual may be introduced; as, lo que le di es lo que tiene, what I gave him is what he has; lo que le di, lo qual le debia, es lo que tiene, what I gave him, which was what I owed him, is what he has.

RULE 68. The relative que is, generally, placed close to its antecedent, unless the words which intervene form a parenthesis to the sentence; as La dicha espada cortaba The said sword cut like como una navaja, y no habia armadura (por fuerte y encantada que fuese) que se le parase delante,

Don Quixote, b. iii. ch.18.

a razor, and there never was an armour

(so hardened or SO powerfully enchanted) that could withstand its edge.

RULE 69. Relatives must immediately follow the preposition by which they are governed; as

El hombre con quien ha

blamos,

El libro en que leimos,

The man whom we

spoke with.

The book which we

read in.

RULE 70. Relatives must be expressed, although

only understood in English; as

The woman I love,
The house we live in,
The pen I write with,

La muger que amo.

La casa en que vivimos.
La pluma con que escribo.

Except when connected with an adjective by the verb to be. See Rule 25.