goats along and have just lost two newly-born kids. I might have known from the oaks being struck by lightning what trouble was coming-but tell me who your 'god' is. T. I used to imagine that Rome was like our market-town, only larger, as a dog is like a puppy, but it towers above other cities as much as cypresses over osiers.

12. turbatur] 'confusion reigns'; cf. Cic. Sall. 20. 57 si in Hispania turbatum esset. For intrans. verbs used impersonally in the pass. cf. G. 3. 98 ventum est; 249 male erratur 'it is ill wandering'; 4. 78 concurritur 'there is the clash of battle'; 189 siletur; 374 est...perventum; and turbare is often be in confusion' in Lucretius. Many MSS. give turbamur. en ipse...: he quotes his own case as illustrating the general disturbance. 13. protinus...] Observe the slow and halting line. ago 'drive' in front of me : duco 'lead' after me.

14. namque] In prose namque is usually the first and only occasionally the second word in a clause: its position here is a poetic license.

gemellos...reliquit] Notice the pathos of each word: gemellos 'twins' heightening the sense of loss; spem gregis marking that they were fine ones which, could they have been reared, the flock would have regarded with pride and hope; silice in nuda in contrast with the soft bed of litter that would have been provided at home (cf. G. 3. 297); conixa instead of the usual enixa emphasising more strongly the pain and effort of the labour; reliquit closing the description with the thought of their abandonment.

:

16. si fuisset] The apodosis of this clause is easily supplied I remember being warned, (and should have acted on the warning) if I had not been foolish.' laeva: 'stupid,' the opposite of dexter 'handy,' 'clever'; σкaιós)(değiós.

17. de caelo tactas] 'struck from heaven,' i.e. by lightning. After this line bad MSS. insert saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornix from 9. 15.

18. da] 'communicate,' 'tell': so commonly accipe = ' hear.' 20. huic nostrae] i. e. Mantua.

21. depellere] Because depellere a lacte (7. 15) or even depellere by itself (3. 82) means 'to wean,' some editors would drag in this meaning here and render depellere 'carry after weaning.' It is obvious that the word simply means 'drive down,' 'drive to market' (de marking the destination as in deduco, deveho): the shepherds were in the habit of driving their young lambs to Mantua to sell.

23, sic parvis...] 'so was I wont to compare great things

with small.' Previously, when using the terms 'great' and 'small' in making a comparison, his idea of the relative difference of size expressed by them was represented by the difference between a full-grown and a young animal; and so, when speaking of Rome as 'great' in comparison with Mantua, he had conceived it to be a sort of full-grown Mantua. He now finds, however, that in relation not only to Mantua but to all other cities' Rome towers above them, not merely as much as a fine specimen of one tree does above another of the same kind, but as much as the stately cypress does above the humble viburnum.

24. caput extulit] 'has reared aloft its head': composition often means 'up,' cf. 7. 32 suras evincta.

ex in

26-35. M. What made you go to Rome? T. I went to purchase my freedom: it came late in life, but it came at last, when I gave up Galatea, who hindered me from saving anything, for Amaryllis, who is my present mistress.

SO

26. tanta causa videndi] 'so great reason for seeing': videndi 'seeing' implies 'going to see'; after tanta great' the thought that you did go to see it' is mentally supplied.

27. libertas] A hard-working slave was often allowed to retain a portion of his earnings for himself; this money (peculium line 32) he might save up so as ultimately to purchase his liberty. sera... though late, still had regard to me the sluggard'; sera, tamen would be in Greek òyè μév, ȧXX' uws: inertem, i.e. though I showed no eagerness to deserve it.

28. candidior] Predicatively with cadebat 'fell whiter' tondenti ethic dat. 'as I trimmed it'; tondere is 'to cut,' radere 'to shave' the beard.

29. respexit tamen] 'still regard me it did.' Notice the tamen respexit of 27 repeated in inverse order.

30. Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit] 'now that Amaryllis rules (and) Galatea has quitted me.' In Latin contrasted clauses are frequently placed side by side without any connecting particle: this is called the co-ordination of contrasted clauses'; the Greeks would use μév and dé. Cf. 2. 18, 39; 6. 1 n.; 6. 84; 7. 3; 10. 41.

32. peculi] Horace and Virgil use the contracted form of the gen. of words ending in ius and ium, Ovid the open form in ii. Cf. line 68 tuguri; G. 4. 565 oti.

33. victima] i.e. some animal taken to market to be sold for sacrifice.

34. pinguis] 'rich,' and therefore good. ingratae: 'ungrateful,' because though he brought all his best things to the city he never carried back any money from it in return, spending it all doubtless on Galatea.

36-45. M. I used to wonder why Amaryllis was so melancholy; it was your absence that she and all the country round regretted. T. I could not help being absent: my only hope was to go to Rome. There I beheld the youth whom I shall ever worship, for he first gave a favourable answer to my prayer.

37. cui...] Apples were a favourite gift especially with lovers (cf. 3. 64, 70): the fact of Amaryllis leaving certain choice apples ungathered naturally made Meliboeus wonder who they were being kept for. sua: 'their own,'' their native.'

38. aberat ipsae] For the lengthening of a short final syllable by ictus, cf. 3. 97 erit, omnes; 6. 43 fultūs hyacintho; 7. 23 facit: aut; 9. 66 puēr, et; 10. 69 amor; et; G. 1. 138 Pleiadas, Hyadas; 2. 5 gravidus autumno; 211 enituit inpulso; 3. 118 labor; aeque; 189 invalidus, etiamque; 332 Iovis antiquo; 4. 92 melior, insignis; 137 tondebat hyacinthi; 453 nullius exercent. See Excursus to Aen. 12 by H. Nettleship in Con

ington, vol. 3.

ipsae...] Meliboeus banteringly pretends to realise the feelings of Amaryllis: to her the whispering pines, the murmuring fountains, the rustling groves seemed all to be calling for the return of Tityrus. The exaggeration of emphasis in Tityrus...ipsae te Tityre...ipsi te...ipsa seems. learly intentional. 40. quid facerem] 'what (else) was I to do?' imperfect of the deliberative subj.

neque...] 'neither could I (otherwise) escape from slavery': some word like 'otherwise' must be supplied in this clause from the 'elsewhere' of the next. Notice how Tityrus, who wishes to obtain his freedom from his young master, disappears in these lines and makes room for Virgil, who wishes to recover his farm from the young Emperor. The transmutation is effected with such delicate skill that, if it were not for the painful diligence of commentators, we should hardly notice that line 45 is an absurd answer to Tityrus seeking for freedom.

41. praesentes divos] The adj. praesens is often applied to deities, and implies not only 'presence,' but also that they are present with the wish and ability to assist, cf. G. 1. 10 agrestum praesentia numina Fauni. So it is used of an antidote or remedy='efficacious,' G. 2. 127; 3. 452.

42. iuvenem] Octavian: he was born 63 B.C.

H

43. bis senos] The 'twice six days' clearly describe a monthly sacrifice, possibly on the Calends of each month.

44. responsum] The word is a stately one, being commonly used of the 'reply' of an oracle (e.g. Aen. 6. 82 vatis responsa), or the formal reply given to suppliants (cf. Hor. C. S. 55 iam Scythae responsa petunt superbi | nuper).

45. submittite] 'rear'; cf. G. 3. 73, 159.

46-58. Happy man! your farm then will remain yours, a small one no doubt and poor, but you will be free from all the hazards of a strange place, and will enjoy all your old delights, the murmur of the bees soothing to slumber, the song of the vinedresser, the cooing of your favourite doves.

46. ergo] 'and so,' an exclamation of wonder tinged with melancholy, cf. Hor. Od. 1. 24. 5 ergo Quintilium perpetuus sopor urget! tua: predicative.

47. quamvis...]' although bare rock and marsh with muddy reeds overspread all the pastures, (yet) no strange food....' There is no need to assume a zeugma, as Sidgwick does, and render though bare rock mars the pastures,' for surely the rock which crops up to the surface all over may fairly be said to 'overspread' or 'cover' all the pastures.

Conington speaks of the pastures as covered with 'stones,' but this totally neglects the epithet nudus. He also places a comma after satis, and a full stop after iunco, spoiling Virgil's beautiful antithesis-‘a poor place but home.'

49. graves fetas] 'the sickly' or 'drooping mothers,' who would find strange food 'trying': for graves cf. morbo gravis, gravis vulnere, and similar phrases. Others take fetas= pregnant ewes' or 'goats' and graves = gravidas 'heavy with young,' but if so the expression is tautological.

52. sacros] All fountains were supposed to be under the special guardianship of some nymph. frigus captabis opacum: 'you will court coolness in the shade.'

53. hinc tibi...]

'on this side, as of yore,

Yon hedge along your neighbour's boundary,
Whose willow-bloom is sipped by Hybla's bees,
Shall oft persuade you with its whisper light
To welcome slumber.'-Kennedy.

tibi

hinc on this side' corresponds to hinc ('on that side') in 56, and is further defined by the words vicino a limite. is emphatic; for you' but not for me. quae semper: 'as ever,' lit. 'which ever (persuaded you)'; suasit is to be supplied

from suadebit, the hedge, which ever (persuaded), will still persuade.'

54. Hyblaeis apibus] The bees are called 'Hyblaean' in order to give a Theocritean flavour to the eclogue, cf. 2. 21 Siculis in montibus.

apibus florem depasta] 'having the flower of its willows fed on by bees.' Virgil is peculiarly fond of using an acc. with the past part. passive: this used to be called an acc. of respect (i.e. here fed on as to its flower'), but it is more probable that the participle has a certain active or middle force; cf. 3. 106 inscripti nomina 'having names written on them'; 6. 15 inflatum venas having his veins swollen'; 6. 53 latus fultus 'having his side supported'; 6. 68 crines ornatus; 6. 75; 7. 32 suras evincta; G. 1. 349 redimitus tempora; 3. 307 incocta rubores; 4. 337 caesariem effusae 'having ringlets streaming'; 357 percussa mentem; 482 caeruleos inplexae crinibus angues 'having snakes entwined in their hair.' For other middle uses of the passive cf. G. 3. 46 accingar 'I will gird myself'; 383 velatur corpora 'have their bodies covered.'

55. saepe...] Notice the soft and sleepy sound of the line. 56. frondator] His business was to trim the superfluous leaves not only from the vine but also from its supporting elm, in order that the sun might not be kept from the grapes (cf. 2. 70; 9. 60; G. 2. 400, 410). The time referred to is probably the beginning of July, the cooing of the wood-doves during incubation, mentioned in the next line, being reckoned a sign that the summer solstice had passed (Pliny 18. 28).

ad auras: with canet; his song seems wafted on the breeze. 59-64. T. Yes, and therefore stags shall leave the earth to feed in air, and fishes the sea to live on land, all nations shall quit their own countries sooner than his image shall vanish from my heart.

59. ante... ante (61)... quam (63)] 6 sooner... sooner... than': notice how Virgil makes his sentences perfectly clear by the use of guiding words placed in conspicuous positions.

leves: Kennedy gives 'fleet,' but surely in this connection 'light' (i.e. not heavy, but capable of moving in the air, cf. Aen. 6. 16) is the true rendering.

60. Virgil clearly does not mean that the fish will be thrown up on shore to perish, but that the sea will leave the fish to live unprotected by the water (nudos) on dry land.

61. pererratis amborum finibus] lit. 'the boundaries of