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clearly indicates this by mentioning them immediately after it, just as he clearly indicates in the next line that the growth of vegetation follows as a consequence the fall of the rain.

39. incipiant...cum] The subj. with cum='when' is due to oblique narration.

40. ignaros] A much better reading than ignotos which many MSS. have: just as the earth has been described as astonished' at the sun, so the mountains are described as previously 'ignorant' what living creatures were.

41-60. Then he tells of Pyrrha, Saturn, Prometheus, and the loss of Hylas. He describes too how Pasiphae in her madness became enamoured of a bull and pursued him over the mountains.

41. lapides Pyrrhae iactos] Pyrrha was wife of Deucalion king of Thessaly: they were saved alive when Zeus destroyed the world with a flood, and repeopled the earth by throwing stones behind their backs.

The introduction of these legends is scarcely in keeping with the scientific tone of the preceding lines, but Virgil's science, at any rate here, is purely superficial: the Epicurean theory of creation and the myths which follow are merely regarded by him as both affording equal material for the display of his poetic skill.

Saturnia regna, cf. G. 2. 538 n.

42. Prometheus stole fire from heaven in order to benefit men, and was punished by Zeus by being chained on Caucasus, where a vulture (Virgil seems to use the plural carelessly) fed ceaselessly on his liver, which ceaselessly grew again.

Promethei: the gen. is formed as if from Prometheus, Promethěi, and then contracted, cf. line 78 Terei.

43. Hylan quo fonte...] at what fountain his comrades shouted for the lost Hylas.' Hylas was a beautiful youth who went with Hercules on the Argonautic expedition but was seized by the Nymphs while drawing water at a fountain : Theocr. 13. 58 describes the cries of Hercules when searching for him.

44. Hyla Hylă omne] See 2. 65 n.

45. et fortunatam...]' and Pasiphae-happy, if herds had never existed-he comforts with love for a snowy bull.' For Pasiphae wife of Minos king of Crete and her passion for a bull, see Aen. 6. 24-26, and Class. Dict. s. v. Minos. solatur, 'he consoles P.,' i.e. he describes how Pasiphae consoled herself, the singer being said actually to do that which he describes as done, cf. line 62 circumdat, 63 erigit. fortunatam forms the real

apodosis to si...fuissent; she would have been happy, if herds had never existed; cf. G. 2. 458 o fortunatos...sua si bona norint.

48. Proetides] daughters of Proetus king of Argos, who were punished with madness for their pride and imagined themselves cows. falsis: 'unreal,' 'imaginary,' because they only fancied that they were cows, and were not really so.

49. at non...] 'yet none of them pursued (i. e. sought for) so foul a union, even though she had feared the plough for her neck and....'

51. levi] Notice the quantity.

52. tu...ille] Notice the antithesis: you know no rest, he is enjoying repose.

53. latus niveum] Acc. governed by fultus, 'resting his snowy flank,' cf. 1. 54 n. fultus hyacintho: for Greek foursyllabled words at the end of a line cf. 3. 63 n., and for the lengthening of us 1. 38 n.

So

54. nigra pallentes] Artistic antithesis: the dark green of the ilex is contrasted with the paler green of the grass. too in line 53 niveum is clearly intended to contrast with the deep purple of the hyacinths.

56. claudite...] From here to vaccae line 60 Pasiphae herself speaks. The preceding sentence has expressed her thoughts; we now have her words.'-Conington.

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57. si qua forte...] 'if haply by any means the wandering footprints of the bull may meet my eyes': she asks them to close the glades in the hope that possibly she may then be able to trace and overtake him. s if is commonly used: 'in the hope that'; when the hope is only faint si qua 'if by some means' (Aen. 1. 8; 6. 882) or si forte 'if haply' are used; si qua forte indicates that the hope entertained verges on despair.

61-73. Then he tells of Atalanta, and the sisters of Phaethon, and how Gallus was led by one of the Muses to the Aonian mount, where Linus greeted him as a poet and bade him sing of the Grynean grove.

61. The maid who 'marvelled at the apples of the Hesperides' was Atalanta, an Arcadian maiden who refused to accept any suitor who could not conquer her in running. She was conquered by Milanion, to whom Aphrodite had given three golden apples from the gardens of the Hesperides, which he dropped one by one as he ran, and Atalanta, charmed by their beauty, stopped to pick them up, thus losing the race.

62. Phaethontiadas] Phaethon (cf. pae0w 'shine') attempted to drive the chariot of the sun but was thrown from it

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and killed. His sisters found his body by the river Eridanus, and stood weeping for him until they were turned into alders (or, according to the usual story, poplars) upon the bank.

63. atque...] and raises tall alders from the ground,' i.e. describes (cf. line 46 n.) how, where the sisters were standing, alders appeared to grow up in their place.

64. For Gallus see Ecl. 10 Intr. Virgil has been blamed for incongruously' introducing the living Gallus among so many legendary figures, but the Eclogues throughout are purely artificial, the real and unreal are blended into one. There is 'incongruity' enough in the Sistine Madonna, but no one questions its artistic perfection.

Virgil clearly has in mind the passage where Hesiod (Ascraeus senex line 70) describes the Muses as teaching him 'while he kept his flocks beneath divine Helicon' (Theogony 22).

65. Aonas in montes] The reference is to Mt. Helicon in Boeotia, Aon having been a Boeotian hero; cf. Milton Par. L. 1. 14 'to soar above th' Aonian mount.' sororum, i.e. the Muses. ut, after canit, he sings how one of the sisters led....'

66. viro adsurrexerit] 'rose up to greet (or 'in honour of') the hero.' adsurgere alicui is regularly used of rising up as a mark of respect on the entrance of any one eminent by rank or age, cf. G. 2, 98; Cic. Inv. 1. 30. 48 ut maioribus natu adsurgatur.

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67. divino carmine] abl. of quality: a shepherd of godlike song.' Linus, a mythical singer, son of Apollo and teacher of Orpheus, is here regarded as the founder of pastoral poetry, and by giving the pipe to Gallus marks his appointment as successor to the old bard of Ascra'; cf. 2. 37. For the 'dirge' usually connected with the name of Linus see L. and S. s. v. λίνος, αἴλινος.

68. apio] Parsley was constantly used for making chaplets (cf. Hor. Od. 4. 11. 3 nectendis apium coronis), and a crown of it was given to the victors at the Nemean and Isthmian games. Its scent was liked, cf. Theocr. 3. 23 evódμoioi σeXivois. Some render 'celery,' apium graveolens L.

70. quos ante...] sc. dederunt. seni is probably used here not of an old man but of a man who lived in days of old, cf. Hor. Sat. 1. 10. 67 poetarum seniorum turba. Ascraeo: Hesiod, the author of the Works and Days and the earliest Greek poet after Homer, was born at Ascra in Boeotia; cf. G.

2. 176.

71. rigidas] 'stiff,' 'sturdy' and so hard to move. The.

story of the trees following his music is usually told of Orpheus, cf. 3. 46.

72. his] 'with these'; tibi 'by thee,' dat. of the Agent, cf. 4. 16 n. Gallus apparently imitated Euphorion of Chalcis, in whose poems the legends connected with the grove and temple of Apollo at Grynia, a city of Moesia, were related.

74-86. Why should I say how he told of Scylla destroying the fleet of Ulysses, or of Tereus and Philomela being changed into birds? He sang all the songs that Eurotas once heard Apollo compose, until at last evening-all too soon-compelled the shepherds to fold their sheep.

74. quid loquar...] Virgil begins to speak here. Scyllam is governed by ut narraverit (line 77), the construction being quid loquar aut (ut narraverit) Scyllam... aut ut narraverit mutatos T. artus.

Scyllam Nisi: Virgil seems here to confuse the Homeric Scylla, a monster opposite Charybdis in the straits of Messana (see Aen. 3. 420), with Scylla daughter of Nisus king of Megara, who killed her father and was changed into a bird (see G. 1. 404-409).

quam fama secuta est... lit. 'whom report has followed that.... Render 'to whom the story clings that, her dazzling loins girt with barking monsters, she harried....' Homer makes Scylla pick off six of the crew of Ulysses, one with each of her six heads; Virgil (Aen. 3. 425) makes her drag actual ships into her cave.

Milton's

75. candida...] Scylla was surrounded by a brood of doglike monsters who kennelled in her womb. Cf. description of Sin at the gates of Hell, Par. L. 2. 653

'about her middle round

A cry of Hell-hounds never ceasing bark'd
With wide. Cerberean mouths full loud, and rung
A hideous peal: yet when they list would creep,
If aught disturb'd their noise, into her womb
And kennel there.'

76. Dulichias] Dulichium was one of the Echinades, a group of islands off the mouth of the Achelous, and seems to have been regarded as being subject to Ithaca and forming part of the dominion of Ulysses.

78. Tereus married Procne daughter of Pandion king of Attica. He afterwards shut her up, pretending she was dead, and married her sister Philomela. Philomela subsequently discovered Procne, and, to revenge herself on Tereus, slew her son

and killed. His sisters found his body by the river Eridanus, and stood weeping for him until they were turned into alders (or, according to the usual story, poplars) upon the bank.

63. atque...] and raises tall alders from the ground,' i.e. describes (cf. line 46 n.) how, where the sisters were standing, alders appeared to grow up in their place.

64. For Gallus see Ecl. 10 Intr. Virgil has been blamed for incongruously' introducing the living Gallus among so many legendary figures, but the Eclogues throughout are purely artificial, the real and unreal are blended into one. There is 'incongruity' enough in the Sistine Madonna, but no one questions its artistic perfection.

Virgil clearly has in mind the passage where Hesiod (Ascraeus senex line 70) describes the Muses as teaching him 'while he kept his flocks beneath divine Helicon' (Theogony 22).

65. Aonas in montes] The reference is to Mt. Helicon in Boeotia, Aon having been a Boeotian hero; cf. Milton Par. L. 1. 14 to soar above th' Aonian mount.' sororum, i.e. the Muses. ut, after canit, he sings how one of the sisters led....'

66. viro adsurrexerit] 'rose up to greet (or 'in honour of') the hero.' adsurgere alicui is regularly used of rising up as a mark of respect on the entrance of any one eminent by rank or age, cf. G. 2, 98; Cic. Inv. 1. 30. 48 ut maioribus natu adsurgatur.

67. divino carmine] abl. of quality: a shepherd of godlike song.' Linus, a mythical singer, son of Apollo and teacher of Orpheus, is here regarded as the founder of pastoral poetry, and by giving the pipe to Gallus marks his appointment as successor to the old bard of Ascra'; cf. 2. 37. For the 'dirge' usually connected with the name of Linus see L. and S. s. v. λίνος, αἴλινος.

68. apio] Parsley was constantly used for making chaplets (cf. Hor. Od. 4. 11. 3 nectendis apium coronis), and a crown of it was given to the victors at the Nemean and Isthmian games. Its scent was liked, cf. Theocr. 3. 23 evódμoiσi oeλívois. Some render 'celery,' apium graveolens L.

70. quos ante...] sc. dederunt. seni is probably used here not of an old man but of a man who lived in days of old, cf. Hor. Sat. 1. 10. 67 poetarum seniorum turba. Ascraeo: Hesiod, the author of the Works and Days and the earliest Greek poet after Homer, was born at Ascra in Boeotia; cf. G.

2. 176.

71. rigidas] 'stiff,' 'sturdy' and so hard to move. The.

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