57. The dative is used with verbs signifying difference, disagreement, contention; such are

differo, disto, discrepo, dissentio, dissideo, disconvenio, discordo, pugno, certo, decerto, luctor, altercor; as C. IV. 9. 29 distat inertiae virtus; S. I. 4. 48 differt sermoni; C. II. 2. 18 dissidens plebi; S. I. 2. 73 pugnantia istis.

58. The dative is used with adjectives,

(a) Depending on a verbal idea contained in the adjective; as C. I. 11. 8 credula postero; C. III. 26. 8 foribus minacis; C. II. 15. 8 fertilibus domino priori (i. e. quae ferebant; cf. C. III. 24. 12); S. II. 2. 6 acclinis falsis animus; S. II. 7. 83 sibi imperiosus.

(b) With adjectives conveying the notion of fitness or likeness, or the reverse; as C. I. 23. 12 tempestiva viro (of fit age for); C. III. 11. 12 cruda marito; S. II. 2. 101 divitias tribus amplas regibus; Ep. I. 18. 5 huic diversum vitio. So with idem: Ep. II. 3. 467 invitum qui servat, idem facit occidenti.

(c) To express purpose or use after adjectives of capacity, skill, incapacity; as C. I. 12. 42 utilem bello; Ep. II. 3. 82 natum rebus agendis; Ep. II. 2. 21 talibus officiis prope mancum; C. III. 27. 61 acuta leto saxa (i. e. sharp enough to kill).

59. The dative is rarely appended to a substantive to denote purpose, service, or destiny; as

Epod. 2. 33 tendit retia, turdis dolos; S. II. 5. 16 ne illi comes exterior ire recuses; C. II. 1. 13 insigne maestis praesidium reis et consulenti, Pollio, curiae; S. II. 2. 107 o magnus posthac inimicis risus!

60. In the predicate after licet esse and the like, Horace always uses the dative; as Ep. I. 16. 61 da mihi fallere, da iusto sanctoque videri; Ep. II. 3. 372 mediocribus esse poetis non homines, non di, non concessere columnae.

The Genitive.

61. The genitive of quality may be attached directly to the name of a definite individual or class; as

S. I. 1. 33 magni formica laboris (for 'formica, animal magni laboris'); C. I. 36. 13 multi Damalis meri. Similarly, where the omitted appellative would be in the predicate; as S. I. 4. 17 di bene fecerunt, inopis me quodque pusilli finxerunt animi; S. II. 8. 84 Nasidiene, redis mutatae frontis. Sometimes coupled with an adjective; as S. II. 7. 52 ditior aut formae melioris.

62. The possessive genitive in the predicate is used with greater freedom than in prose, often differing little from a partitive genitive; as

S. I. 7. 35 operum hoc tuorum est; C. III. 13. 13 fies nobilium tu quoque fontium; Ep. I. 9. 13 scribe tui gregis hunc.

63. The partitive genitive is often used with adjectives where in prose the substantive and adjective would stand in agreement; as

C. IV. 6. 31 virginum primae; C. I. 10. 19 superis deorum et imis; S. II. 2. 60 natalis aliosve dierum festos; C. I. 9. 14 quem fors dierum cumque dabit. Sometimes with an adjective and pronoun; as C. I. 29. 5 quae tibi virginum barbara serviet? Or a pronoun and substantive, as S. II. 1. 61 maiorum ne quis amicus frigore te feriat. With unus (= solus): S. I. 10. 42 unus vivorum (cf. S. II. 6. 57 unum mortalem). The genitive is also used with unus, one, S. I. 9. 72 unus multorum; elsewhere the ablative with de or ex.

64. The genitive (partitive or possessive), used in this way with the neuter plural of an adjective in an abstract sense, gives the latter greater prominence than if it were merely expressed as an attribute of the substantive; thus in

C. IV. 12. 20 amara curarum, there is more stress on the bitterness than there would be in 'amaras curas'; C. II. 1. 23 cuncta terrarum ; C. IV. 4. 76 acuta belli; S. II. 2. 125 contractae seria frontis. The colorless genitive rerum especially is used in the Satires and Epistles to round out a phrase; as Ep. I. 17. 21 vilia rerum; S. II. 2. 25 vanis rerum; S. II. 8. 83 fictis rerum. In one instance rerum is used in the same way with a masculine superlative: S. I. 9. 4 dulcissime rerum.

65. A geographical proper name is occasionally put in the genitive (instead of in apposition) with its generic noun; as C. II. 6. 10 Galaesi flumen, the river Galaesus; C. IV. 14. 50 tellus Hiberiae. Sometimes it is treated as an adjective: C. IV. 4. 38 Metaurum flumen ; Ep. II. 3. 18 flumen Rhenum. This adjective use of substantives is sometimes extended to personal names; as C. I. 15. 10 Dardanae genti, the race of Dardanus; C. IV. 5. 1 Romulae gentis; and even to an appellative; as C. III. 12. 1 patruae linguae. In the same way Horace is fond of using the shorter forms of adjectives of nationality, which are commonly used as substantives in prose; as Marsus, Afer, Medus, Colchus, for Marsicus, Africus, etc.

66. The wide development and vague limits of the use of the objective genitive with adjectives (and participles with adjective meaning) gave the poets freer scope in this than in most other constructions. The examples in Horace comprise

(a) The objective genitive proper, depending on adjectives implying the action of a transitive verb, or their opposites; such are

tenax, ferax, fertilis, fecundus, prosperus, prodigus, benignus, parcus, fastidiosus, bibulus, avarus, metuens, timidus, securus, incautus; as Epod. 5. 22 Hiberia venenorum ferax; C. S. 29 fertilis frugum pecorisque tellus; Ep. II. 3. 164 iuvenis prodigus aeris; S. II. 3. 3 vini somnique benignus (cf. our expression, a generous liver'); S. II. 5. 79 donandi parca iuventus; Ep. II. 3. 28 timidus procellae; Ep. II. 2. 17 poenae securus.

(b) The genitive of reference, with adjectives denoting mastery, knowledge, skill, and their opposites; such are

potens, prudens, sciens, sollers, consultus, divinus (prophetic), sagax, docilis, indoctus, nescius, inscius; as C. I. 3. 1 diva potens Cypri; Ep. II. 3. 407 musa lyrae sollers; C. I. 34. 2 insanientis sapientiae consultus (after the analogy of iuris consultus); C. III. 27. 10 imbrium divina avis; Ep. II. 3. 218 utilium sagax rerum; C. IV. 6. 43 docilis modorum; Ep. II. 3. 380 indoctus pilae discive

trochive.

(c) The genitive of reference, with adjectives of plenty and want; such are

dives, opulentus, satur, lassus, inanis, egens (cf. § 67), pauper, exsors, liber, vacuus, purus, abstinens; as Ep. II. 2. 31 multarum divite rerum; Ep. I. 7. 35 satur altilium; C. II. 6. 7 lasso maris et viarum militiaeque (cf. Verg. Aen. I. 178 fessi rerum); C. III. 11. 26 inane lymphae dolium; Ep. I. 17. 22 nullius egentem; C. III. 30. II pauper aquae; Ep. II. 3. 212 liber laborum rusticus; S. II. 2. 119 operum vacuo; C. I. 22. 1 sceleris purus.

NOTE. Of these adjectives, dives, vacuus, and purus are also used by Horace with the ablative; as Ep. II. 3. 421 dives agris, dives positis in faenore nummis; C. IV. 15. 8 vacuum duellis Ianum; S. II. 3. 213 purum est vitio tibi cor? With nudus, orbus, and viduus Horace uses the ablative only; C. I. 14. 4 nudum remigio latus; C. IV. 2. 44 forum litibus orbum; C. I. 10. 11 viduus pharetra Apollo.

(d) The genitive of reference (specification), with other adjectives:

S. II. 3. 65 integer mentis (cf. Plaut. Trin. 454 satin tu sanu's mentis aut animi tui?); S. I. 9. 11 cerebri felicem; C. II. 2. 6 notus animi paterni; S. I. 10. 21 seri studiorum; S. II. 2. 66 cultūs miser; C. III. 5. 42 capitis minor (for the technical capite deminutus).

67. The analogy of adjectives of plenty and want is extended in a few cases to verbs. Horace has the genitive with egeo, solvo, purgo, abstineo, desino, invideo; as S. I. 4. 118 dum custodis eges (cf. egens § 66 c); C. III. 17. 16 famulis operum solutis (cf. operum vacuo § 66 c); S. II. 3. 27 miror morbi purgatum te (cf. liber, purus § 66 c); C. III. 27. 69 abstineto irarum (cf. abstinens § 66 c); C. II. 9. 18 desine querellarum ; S. II. 6. 84 neque ille sepositi ciceris nec longae invidit avenae (cited by Quintilian IX. 3. 17 to illustrate Horace's fondness for Greek idioms). Here also belongs C. II. 13. 38 laborum decipitur, if that reading, given in some good MSS., be correct; but see § 50. Horace also uses the more common prose constructions, the ablative with egeo, solvo, abstineo, and the accusative and dative with invideo.

68. For a supposed instance of the genitive with regno see note on C. III. 30. 12.

The Ablative.

69. The ablative is often used without a preposition to denote the place where'; as

C. I. 9. 10 ventos aequore fervido deproeliantis; C. II. 9. 24 exiguis equitare campis. Often without an adjective, as S. I. 5. 87 mansuri oppidulo.

70. With verbs denoting separation or motion from a place, the ablative is often used without a preposition; as

C. I. 1. 32 me secernunt populo; S. II. 3. 203 abstinuit vim uxore; Ep. II. 3. 379 abstinet armis; ib. 370 actor causarum mediocris abest virtute diserti Messalae; C. II. 20. 21 absint funere neniae; C. III. 1. 39 decedit aerata triremi; Ep. II. 3. 53 si Graeco fonte cadent.

71. The ablative is used with haereo, religo, suspendo; as C. I. 2. 9 summa haesit ulmo; C. I. 32. 8 religarat litore navim; S. I. 6. 74 suspensi loculos tabulamque lacerto. The ablative may be that of 'place where' (cf. S. I. 3. 32 in pede calceus haeret), but with religo and suspendo, at least, the feeling is probably that of (prevented) separation,

as in Verg. Aen. VII. 106 gramineo ripae religavit ab aggere classem; Lucan, VII. 860 nullus ab Emathio religasset litore funem navita. With haereo Horace also uses the dative; as C. I. 32. 9 illi semper haerentem. (Cf. the opposite points of view that find expression in proximus alicui and proximus ab aliquo.)

72. The ablative of cause is used with certain verbs denoting passion or mental disturbance; such are

ardeo, caleo, uro, pecco; furo, insanio; langueo, stupeo, torpeo; as C. II. 4. 8 arsit virgine rapta; C. I. 27. 16 ingenuo semper amore peccas; S. I. 4. 28 stupet Albius aere. Horace has the ablative with in, once each, with uro, laboro, and stupeo: Epod. 11. 4; C. I. 17. 19; S. I. 6. 17; and ardeo once, perhaps, with the accusative: C. IV. 9. 13 comptos arsit adulteri crinis (cf. Verg. Ecl. 2. 1 Corydon ardebat Alexin); but see note on the passage.

73. An instrumental ablative with a verbal substantive in -tor occurs C. III. 4. 55 truncis iaculator; with a verbal adjective, C. IV. 6. 8.

74. The ablative of price, added to the accusative after muto may denote either the thing given or the thing received in exchange; as Ep. I. 7. 36 nec otia divitiis muto, i. e. give up my leisure (acc.) for wealth (abl.); C. I. 17. 2 Lucretilem mutat Lycaeo Faunus, i. e. gives up Lycaeus (abl.) for Lucretilis (acc.). (Cf. the double use of ἀλλάσσω τί τινος.) Similarly with verto the ablative is twice used to denote that into which the object is transformed: C. I. 35. 4 vertere funeribus triumphos; Ep. II. 3. 226 vertere seria ludo; (cf. Ovid M. X. 157 nulla alite verti dignatur). The accusative with in is commonly used. 75. The ablative after comparatives is frequent, instead of the more logical expression with quam; as

C. I. 8. 9 olivum sanguine viperino cautius vitat (for quam sanguinem); C. III. 1. 9 viro vir latius ordinet (for quam vir). So with alius: Ep. II. 1. 240 alius Lysippo (for quam Lysippus). The ablative is rarely used when the first member of the comparison is not in the nominative or the accusative; as Ep. I. 10. II pane egeo, iam mellitis potiore placentis.

The Construction ἀπὸ κοινοῦ.

76. An inflected word is sometimes placed in such relation to two other words that it may be governed by either of them, and is, in some cases, necessary to both to complete their meaning. By this arrangement, called by gram