26. When a word ending in a short vowel immediately precedes a word beginning with a double letter, or with two mutes, or with a middle mute (β, γ, δ), and any liquid beside ῥ, the vowel is lengthened. Thus in ὤμοι· τόδε Ζεὺς τοῦπος οὐκ ἐπίσταται. ÆscH. Prom. 982. the naturally short before the double letter is lengthened. Similarly, Ε δίθηκτον ἐν σφαγαῖσι βάψασα ξίφος. Escn. Prom. 865. Choeph. 180. Prom. 698. Agam. 904. But a word beginning with any of the six mutes, κ, π, τ, θ, φ, χ, followed by any liquid, or with any of the middle mutes followed by p, does not lengthen a final short vowel in the close of the preceding word : 27. When a short vowel at the end of a word, and also at the end of a foot, is followed by a word beginning with p, the vowel is lengthened. διαρταμήσει σώματος μέγα ῥάκος. ÆscH. Prom. 1025. τοῦτ ̓ ἔστιν ἤδη τοῦργον εἰς ἐμὲ ῥέπον. SOPH. Ed. Tyr. 847. EURIP. Electr. 772. When the short vowel is not at the end of a foot, it remains short : - χρίμπτουσα βαχίαισιν ἐκπερᾷν χθόνα. τοίανδ ̓ ἔπειθὲ ῥῆσιν ἀμφ' ἡμῶν λέγων. δρῶν ἢ τί φωνῶν τήνδε ῥυσαίμην πόλιν. Escn. Prom. 715. Sept. 610. 28. The vowel a, ι, or v, before another vowel in the same word is not necessarily short, as in Latin. For instance, is long in inui before ŋ, in aikīa before a, in dîos before o; v is long before w in vw, before e in verós. 29. A long vowel or diphthong at the end of a word must not be followed by a word beginning with a long vowel INITIAL ELISION.-FINAL ELISION. 11 or diphthong, as in the Iliad. A long vowel before of sometimes merges into one sound with où; as, μǹ oỷ, éñeì oỷ. 30. A long vowel or diphthong followed by a word beginning with a short vowel occasions that initial vowel to be elided. This is called Prodelision. Thus, in ὀργῆς τε τραχύτητα μὴ ἐπίπλησσέ μοι. ESCH. Prom. 80. the initial of érinλnoσe is cut off or absorbed by the final ʼn of μή. Similarly in τίς ἄλλος ἢ 'γὼ παντελῶς διώρισεν ('γὼ for ἐγὼ). ψεύδει γὰρ ἡ 'πίνοια τὴν γνώμην, ἐπεὶ. φήσεις μετασχεῖν, ἢ 'ξομεῖ τὸ μὴ εἰδέναι. ESCH. Pr. 448. Ibid. 654. SOPH. Ant. 389. Ibid. 535. 31. But kai and ro often combine, by crasis, with the initial vowel of the following word: thus του coalesces with the a of apa in οὐ τἄρα Τρωσὶν ἀλλὰ σοὶ μαχούμεθα. SOPH. Philoct. 1253. 30 καλγεινῶς for καὶ ἀλγεινῶς, καὐτὸς for καὶ αὐτὸς, κοὐ for καὶ οὐ, κεἰ for καὶ εἰ, κᾆτα for καὶ εἶτα. is not subscribed unless there is an in the syllable with which kaì forms the crasis. 32. A short final vowel before a word beginning with a vowel is elided, if it be a, e, or o; rarely elided if it be the of a dative singular; and never elided if it be the of a dative plural, or of the preposition repì, nor if it be v. Y, therefore, or of a plural dative, or of repì, cannot close a word followed by a word beginning with a vowel; and in this respect thye resemble the long vowels. We find a elided in καίτοι τό γ' αἴνιγμ' οὐχὶ, SOPH. Cd. Tyr. 393. when voc. sing. fem. when nom. sing. neut. when a particle. when dat. sing. (rare). when preposition. γῆς ἐπ' ἐσχάτοις ὅροις, Ibid. Prom. 669. Elision of does not take place when it is the final of a nominative or accusative; as, μέλι, τι, ἄχαρι. Examples of elided are of continual occurrence. 33. The article forms a crasis with the initial short vowel of the following word; for instance, ὁ with ἐπιτιμητὴς in ὡς οἱπιτιμητής γε τῶν ἔργων βαρύς. ÆscH. Prom. 77. So τἄμ' ἔπη for τὰ ἐμὰ, τοὐμὸν δέμας for τὸ ἐμὸν, τἄνδον for τὰ ἔνδον, το πίοντος for τοῦ ἐπίοντος. When the initial vowel is aspirated, the of the article in the crasis becomes f; as θατέρῳ for τῷ ἑτέρῳ in δυοῖν λόγοιν σε θατέρῳ δωρήσομαι. ÆscH. Prom. 778. Similarly, θημέρᾳ for τῇ ἡμέρᾳ, χὡ for καὶ ὁ, χῶτι for καὶ ὅτι, χώπως for καὶ ὅπως. 34. Every contraction by crasis lengthens the syllable on which it falls. Thus, from τίμαε, τίμα; from ἀέκων, άκων ; from γέραα, γέρα; from τὰ ἀγαθὰ, ταγαθά; from τὰ ἀναλώ ματα, ταναλώματα. But a contraction from syncope, or the mere removal of a syllable without blending two vowels, is not necessarily long. 35. εω in the genitive is often one syllable. Ο μοι τὰ Γύγεω τοῦ πολυχρύσου μέλει. ARCHILOCHUS. Ευκ. Hipp. 520. μὴ οὐ often forms one syllable, as also ἢ οὐ, and similarly other words. τί δῆτα μέλλεις μὴ οὐ γεγωνίσκειν τὸ πᾶν ; ἔπειθες, ἢ οὐκ ἔπειθες, ὡς χρείη μ' ἐπὶ. scr. Prom. 630. Εum. 874. SOPH. Cd. Tyr. 555. Æscn. Suppl. 884. The words θεοῦ, θεοὶ, θεῶν, θεούς, often are used as monosyllables; as in θεοῦ δὲ καὶ μητὴρ ἔφυς. ὦ θεοὶ πατρῷοι, συγγένεσθέ γ ̓ ἀλλὰ νῦν. παῖδας, γυναῖκας, θεῶν τε πατρῴων ἕδη. μή νυν ἀτίμα θεοὺς, θεοῖς σεσωσμένος. เ ÆscH. Pers. 153. SOPH. Electr. 411. ESCH. Pers. 404. SOPH. Aj. 1129. ע 36. The concurrence of vowels is prevented by adding to the final of a dative plural, and to the finale or of the third person singular of a verb; also to several adverbs, as mode, πрóσbe. These finals, even when a consonant follows them, may take v; and when the final is required to be long, they must take it, if the consonant be a smooth or aspirate mute followed by a liquid, or a middle mute followed by p. A verse cannot end with the words παρέδωκε τρέφειν : ν must be attached, so that dwkev may be a spondee; which it is not while dwкe, as Tp does not lengthen the preceding syllable. In certain words, instead of v, σ or x is subjoined, for the prevention of hiatus, as μέχρι oι μέχρις, οὕτω οι οὕτως, according as the word precedes one beginning with a consonant or vowel; and où or ouk, oux, on the same principle. 37. In composition, syllables retain the quantity of the simple words; thus, from σὺν συνειδώς: from πάλαι, παλαιγενής. The prepositions, except eέ and eis, a privative or intensive, the neuters of adjectives in v, the numerals dɩ and rpi, and ἁλι, ἀγχὶ, ἄρτι, δα, δυς, ζα, ἡμι, καλλι, and way, have their final syllable short in the compound, unless it is necessarily lengthened, being followed by two such consonants as will not suffer a vowel to stand short before them, namely, two mutes, or a middle mute with any liquid except p after it: thus, ἁλίτυπος, ἀρτίφρων, δἄφοινος, δίπαλτος, δυσάλγητος, ζαπληθής, ἡμῖδουλος, καλλιφεγγής, πανωλής, τρίδουλος, αϋπνος, αναίτιος, ἐπίτροπος, ὑπογραφὴ, πολύχρυσος, ὀξύθηκτος, ὠκύπετής. Occasionally, though rarely, the syllable of juncture is lengthened before a smooth or aspirate mute and liquid, as in οὐχ ἥδ ̓ ἄνασσα τῶν πολυχρύσων Φρυγών ; EURIP. Hec. 492. 38. The compound epithets of the Iliad and Odyssey are considered not admissible into iambic metre, unless they occur also in the dialogue of tragedy: and the same exclusion extends to such of the compound epithets of the choral odes in tragedies as are not found in the iambic systems. Ατάσθαλος, ῥοδοδάκτυλος, κορυθαίολος of Homer, ἐλεδεμνὰς, πεδιοπλόκτυπος, ἀκριτόφυρτος of Æschylus, are instances of words to which this exclusion applies. 39. Derived words follow the quantity of their primitives : thus, from φίλος come φιλεῖν, φιλία, φίλημα, φιλητέον, and from νίκη come νικαν, νικητέον, νικητήριον, νικηφόρος, ἀνίκητος. But the particular part, case, or tense of the primitive word from which the derivative immediately flows, must be noted. The tenses of verbs often differ in quantity, and impart opposite quantities to their derivatives; as, from φεύγω, φευκτέος, and φυγὴ, the former long in the first syllable, from the perfect passive; the other short, as being immediately deduced from the second aorist. From πῦρ we have πυρά, through the genitive πυρός. κρίσις and κριτής, through the perf. pass. λύσις and λυτήριος, through λέλυσαι, λέλυται. δόσις and δοτήρ. φραδή, through the aorist φραδον. φανερός, through ἔφανον. μέρος, and μόρος. δράκων, through ἔδρακον. 40. There is frequently a derivative as if from the perfect passive, first person, in μα, genitive ματος, oι μη, μης, but with a long vowel preceding pa; while the corresponding derivatives from the second and third persons of the perfect passive have the corresponding syllable short. Thus, 41. Similarly from a verb with a short vowel in the penult is often derived one with a long vowel: thus, from στρέφω comes στρωφάω, through ἔστροφα. νέμω τρέπω |