620.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose a sentence having nouns in apposition? One, having nouns in apposition, but separated by a verb? One, having a noun used as an adjective? One

Will you construct a sentence having in it the word who? having whose? One, having whom? One, having what? One, having that? One, having man? One, having woman? One, having boy? One, having girls? One, having parents?

LVI. OF NOUNS USED INDEPENDENTLY.

621. To address signifies to speak to; as, "James, your father has come.” The name of the person addressed must always be of the second person; and a noun in this situation, when it has no verb to agree with it, and is wholly disconnected with the rest of the sentence, is said to be independent. Hence,

RULE XVI.

When an address is made, the name of the person or thing addressed is in the nominative case independent.

622.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"John, will you assist me?”

John is a PROPER NOUN, of the SECOND PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, MASCULINE GENDER, and NOMINATIVE CASE INDEPENDENT, according to RULE XVI.

Q.) Rule XVI. (2) Imperative mood, and agrees with thou or you understood, by Rule VII

LVII. OF NOUNS IN THE CASE ABSOLUTE.

623. In the phrase, “The sun being risen, we set sail," the first clause of the sentence, namely, "The sun being risen," has nothing to do with the remainder the noun and participle may, therefore, when taken together, be said to be in the nominative case independent; but as we have already one case of this nature, we will, for the sake of making a distinction, call this (the noun joined with a participle) the nominative case absolute. Hence,

RULE XVIĮ.

A noun or pronoun before a participle, and independent of the rest of the sentence, is in the nominative case absolute.

624.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"The sun (1.) being risen, (2.) we
departed."
"Egypt being conquered, Alex-
ander returned to Syria."
"Shame being lost, all virtue was
lost."

"The soldiers retreating, victory
was lost."

625.

"Him (3.) only excepted, who was a murderer."

"Wellington having returned to
England, tranquillity was re-
stored to France."
"Bonaparte being conquered, the
king was restored."

"The conditions being observed
the bargain was a mutua.
benefit.

SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.
"Him being destroyed, the re-
maining robbers made their
escape.

"Her being dismissed, the rest of
the scholars behaved well."

LVIII. OF THE INFINITIVE MOOD.

NOTE XII-A verb in the infinitive mood is sometimes placed independently; as, "To be frank, I own I have injured you."

626. EXERCISES "To confess the truth, I was in fault."

"To display his power, he op

pressed his soldiers.”

LVII. "The sun being risen, we set sail." How many words in this sentence, used independently, are taken together? 623.

Why is this case denominated the case absolute? 623.

What is the rule for the case absolute? XVII.

Will you now take the parsing exercises under Rule XVII., and then the sentences to be corrected?

(1.) In the nominative case absolute with being risen, by Rule XVII. (3.) When a noun is in the case absolute, it should be in the nominative case. by Rule XVII

(2.) Rule XIII.

Him should therefore be ha

"To play is pleasant." What is pleasant? "To play." The infinitive to play is, then, the nominative case to is. "Thou shalt not kill, is required of all men." What is required? "Thou shalt not kill." The verb is required, then, agrees with "Thou shalt not kill," as its nominative. Hence,

626-1. NOTE XIII.-The infinitive mood, or part of a sentence, is frequently put as the nominative case to a verb of the third person singular.

Remark 1-To excel is the nominative case to requires by Note XIII.; and requires agrees with to excel by Rule VII. In parsing "Thou shalt not kill," we first apply Rules VI., VII. and IX. The whole phrase is considered the nominative to is required, by Note XIII.

2. The infinitive mood, or a part of a sentence, is frequently the object of a transitive verb; as, " Boys love to play.' What do boys love? "To play." The object of love, then, is to play. "Children do not consider how much has been done for them by their parents." Consider what? "How much has been done for them by their parents," including for the object of the verb the whole phrase in italics.

NOTE XIV. The infinitive mood or part of a sentence, may have an adjective or participle agreeing with it, when there is no noun, either expressed or understood, to which the adjective may belong.

628.

EXERCISES IN SYNTAX.

"To see the sun is pleasant."
"To practise virtue will be pro-
ductive of happiness."

"To be ridiculed is unpleasant

"Defraud not thy neighbor, is binding on all.”

"To do good to our enemies, is not natural to our hearts."

Remarks. Pleasant agrees with "to see the sun," by Note XIV. Binding agrees with "Defraud not thy neighbor," by the same authority. To is apply Rule VII,; to sun, Rule VIII.; to the infinitive to see, Note XIII.

6.29.

SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN.

Will you compose one or more sentences having an infinitive governed by a participle? One, using an infinitive after a noun ? Ŏne, describing the manner of playing ball? One, or more, on the manner of playing tag ? One, on the duty of children to mind their parents? One, or more, on industry ? Öne, on the business you intend to pursue for life?

"To play is pleasant." What is pleasant? What, then, is the nominative to is? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

"Thou shalt not kill, is required of all men." What is required?

What is the nominative to is required? 626-1. Rule? Note XIII.

Will you now parso the remaining exercises under this rule ?

"Boys love to play." What is the object of love? 627 Remark 2

Since we have a rule for to love, as a verb, there is no necessity for considering it the object in parsing: what rule, then, will you apply to it? XII.

Will you name an example in which there is part of a sentence used as the object of a verb? 627. Remark 2. Will

"To see the sun is pleasant." you parse pleasant? to see? the? sun? is? Will you now parse the remaining ex ercises under Note XIV

LIX.

630. In the phrase, “John and James are here," the sense is that "John and James are both here;" two persons are therefore spoken of, which renders it necessary to use the plurai verb are, to agree with two nouns which in dividually are singular: hence,

RULE XVIII.

Two or more nouns or pronouns, of the singular number, connected together by AND, either expressed or understood, must have verbs, nouns, and pronouns, agreeing with them in the plural number.

Remarks-William is one of the nominatives to the verb run.

Jumes is in

the nominative case to the verb run, and is connected with the noun William, by Rule XI. Run agrees with William and James by Rule XVIII.

632. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "Mary and her cousin has come." You and I makes progress in

"The farmer and his son is in

our studies."

"Life and health is both uncertain."

town.'

"Susan and her sister is deceitful."

"William and John both writes a good hand."

Remarks. For has come, we should read have come, that the verb may he plural, when it has two nominatives connected by and, according to Rule XVIII.

Exception 1.-When and connects two or more nouns in the singular, which refer to the same person or thing, the verb must be singular; as, Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science."

633. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "In that house live a great and distinguished scholar statesman."

"That superficial scholar and critic have given new evidence of his misguided judg

ment.

"There go a benevolent man and scholar."

LIX. When I say, "John and James are here," of how many persons do I speak?

Should we, then, use is or are? 630. What is the rule for are? XVIII. Will you now parse the exercises under Rule XVIII.?

"William and James run." Will you parse William in full? and? James? run?

Will you parse the next exercises? "Mary and her cousin has come."-Why is this incorrect? 632

and

"Mr. Cooper, the sailor and nov. elist, visit La Fayette, the patriot and philanthropist." Will you parse the succeeding exercises?

"Pliny the philosopher and naturalist has greatly enriched science." Why should we use has, in this sentence, instead of have? Exception 1.

"That superficial scholar and critie have given." Why is have given incorrect? Exception 1.

What is the rule for has come? Excep tion 1.

Will you correct and parse the remain. ing exercises ?

Exception 2-When two or more nouns in the singular, connected by and, have each or every joined with them, the verb must be in the singular number; as, "Every person, every house, and every blade of grass, was destroyed."

634. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED.

Every man, and every woman, and every child, were taken." "Every tree, stick and twig, were consumed."

"Each man, and each woman, were particularly alluded to in the report of the affair. '

Remark. Were, in the first of these examples, should be changed for was, because reference is had to each person, individually considered, which, in respect to the verb, is the same in effect as if one person only was spoken of.

NOTE XV.-Every is sometimes associated with a plural noun, in which case the verb must be singular; as, “Every hundred years constitutes a century."

635. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "Every four years add another day to the ordinary number of days in a year."

"Every twenty-four hours afford to us the vicissitudes of day and night." Remark. Afford, in the example above, is a violation of the note: it should be affords, in the singular number. The reason of this is, that "every twentyfour hours," signifies a single period of time, and is, therefore, in reality singular.

NOTE. XVI.-A verb in the plural will agree with a collective noun in the singular, when a part only of the individuals are meant; as, "The council were divided in their sentiments." When the noun expresses the idea of unity, the verb should be singular; as, "The council was composed wholly of farmers."

Remarks. In the foregoing example, we use the plural verb were divided, because we refer to the individuals composing the council; but if no allusion of this sort had been made, and we had spoken of it as one entire body, we should have used the singular verb, according to the common rule; as, council is composed wholly of farmers."

The

We apply to council, in the first example, NOTE XVI. ; to were divided, the same note; and to council, and was composed, in the second example, RULES VI. and VII.

636.

EXERCISES "The council were divided in their sentiments."

"A part of the men were murdered."

In the first example, under Exception 2, why use was destroyed, rather than were destroyed? Exception 2.

Will you parse the remaining exercises under this exception, after having corrected them?

"Every twenty-four hours afford to ns." What does "every twenty-four hours" signify, one period of time, or more? What is wrong, then? Why? 635. Remark.

What is the rule for this? Note XV. Will you correct and parse the other example?

IN SYNTAX.
"My people do not consider."
"The multitude eagerly pursue

pleasure as their chief good."

"The council were divided." Why not was? Note XVI. Remarks. Rule? Note XVI.

When is a noun called collective? 306. In what circumstances would it be proper to use the singular verb? Note XVI. Give an example.

How do you parse council? Note XVI. Remarks. Were divided? Note XVI. Remarks. Was composed, in the second example? Note XVI.

Will you now parse and correct the remaining exercises under this note ?