a staff with moonlight;" "He was taken with stratagem, and killed by a sword" and it will appear that they differ in signification more than one at first view, would be apt to imagine RULE X. Prepositions govern the objective case. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "John lives within his income." 600. Within is a PREPOSITION. Income is a COMMON NOUN, of the THIRD PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, NEUTER GENDER, OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by within, according to RULE X. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. "Thomas made his fortune by "Susan labors with her needle He made the sun to shine by day, and the moon (1.) to give light by night." "Beneath the oak lie acorns in great abundance." "John, who is at all times watch ful of his own interest, will attend to that concern.' SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. 601. Will you fill up the following sentences with suitable prepositions to make sense? "John was- the house when he was seized a fit." "The busy bee summer provides food - the approacha rational being." ing winter the prudence ing 66 Will you supply the objects to the following? "James was catch"He was beating "He supports Will you supply agents or nominative cases to the following? was dancing." was running.' 66 Will you supply verbs in the following? "A dutiful child his parents.' "Grammar us- correctly." Will you compose two or more sentences about boys? One, about whales? One, about snakes? One, about foxes? One, about parents? One, about brothers? One, about sisters? One, about uncles? One, about aunts? LIII. OF CONJUNCTIONS. 602. A CONJUNCTION is a word that is chiefly used to connect sentences, so as, out of two or more sentences, to make but one. Will you repeat the rule respecting tho government of nouns by prepositions? X. "John lives within his income." Will you parse within? 600. income? 600. Will you now take the remaining exercises to be parsed; after which, those to be written? What is a simple sentence 253. Give an example. A compound sentence? 256. Give an example. Why called compound? 254. (1.) The sense is," He made the moon." Moon, theu, is in the objective case, governed by made under stood, and connected with sun, by Rule XI. 603. Relative pronouns, as well as conjunctions, serve to comect sen tences; as, "Blessed is the man who feareth the Lord." 604. Conjunctions very often unite sentences when they appear to unite only words; as in the following sentences: "Duty and interest forbid viciousindulgences." "Wisdom or folly governs us." Each of these forms of expression contains two sentences, namely, the first, "Duty forbids vicious indulgences ;"" Interest forbids vicious indulgences:" the second, "Wisdom governs us;" "Folly governs us." RULE XI. Conjunctions connect verbs of the same mood and tense, and nouns or pronouns of the same case. 605. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "William writes and ciphers." And is a coPULATIVE CONJUNCTION. Ciphers is a REGULAR ACTIVE INTRANSITIVE VERB, from the verb to cipher "Pres. cipher; Imperf. ciphered; Per. part. ciphered. 1. I cipher; 2. You cipher; 3. He or William ciphers"-made in the INDICATIVE MOOD, PRESENT TENSE, THIRD PERSON SINGULAR, and agrees with William understood, and is connected to writes by the conjunction and, agreeably to RULE XI. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. "J. hn ciphers rapidly, and reads correctly." "If we contend about trifles, and violently maintain our opinons, we shall gain but few friends." "Though he is lively, yet he is not too volatile.' "If he has promised, he should act accordingly." "He denied that he circulated the report." SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. 606. Will you compose a sentence containing the conjunction if? One, containing and? As many sentences as there are conjunctions which follow; each sentence containing one? Although. Unless. For. Because. Therefore. Or. Neither. Nor. Will you compose a sentence about Jackson? One, about Clau Ore, about Monroe? One, about Madison? LIV. OF INTERJECTIONS 607. INTERJECTIONS are words thrown in between the parts of sentences, to express the passions or sudden feelings of the speaker. What is the use of the copulative conjunction? 265. Will you repeat the list of copulative conjunctions? 266. What does disjunctive signify? 271. What does the disjunctive conjunction connect? 274. Will you repeat the list of them? 275. What is the rule for connecting words by conjunctions? XI. What other words, besides conjunctions and prepositions, connect? 603. sen Do conjunctions ever connect tences when they appear to connect words only? 604. Give an example. 604. William writes and ciphers." Will you parse and? 605. ciphers? 605. Will you, in the next place, take the exercises to be parsed and written, and dispose of them? LIV. What is the meaning of inter jection? 283. What are interjections? 607. 608. We do not say, "Ah, I!" "Oh, I!" but "Ah, me!" Oh, me!" using the objective case after the interjection. The pronoun here spoken of, you perceive, is of the first person: hence. NOTE X. Pronouns of the first person are put in the objective case, after the interjections Oh! O! ah! &c. 609. We say, "O thou persecutor !" "Oh ye hypocrites!" "O thou who dwellest," &c.: hence, NOTE XI. The interjections O! oh! and ah! require the nominative case of pronouns in the second person. 610. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "Ah me! I must perish.” Ah is an INTERJECTION. Me is a PERSONAL PRONOUN, of the FIRST PERSON, SINGULAR, OBJECTIVE CASE, and governed by ah, agreeably to Note X. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. "O, thou (1.) who hast murdered thy friend!" "O, thou who hearest prayer!" "Ah me! must I endure all this?""Ah! unhappy (2.) thou, who art deaf (3.) to the calls of duty and honor." "Oh! happy (4.) us, surrounden with so many blessings." SENTENCES TO BE WRITTEN. 611. Will you compose a sentence containing alas? One, containing oh? Öne, about volcanoes? One, about lakes? One, about islands? One, about Webster the statesman? One, about a good scholar? One, about a poor scholar? One, about a good instructer LV. OF THE AGREEMENT OF NOUNS. 612. APPOSITION, in grammar, signifies the putting of two nouns in the same case. 613. When I say, "John the mechanic has come," I am speaking of only one person; the two nouns, John and mechanic, both meaning or referring to the same person; consequently they are put, by apposition, in the same case: bence, RULE XV. When two or more nouns, in the same sentence, signify the same thing, they are put, by apposition, in the EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. 614. "Webster the statesman has left us." Statesman is a COMMON NOUN, MASCULINE GENDer, third PERSON, SINGULAR NUMBER, NOMINATIVE CASE, and put in apposition with Webster, by RULE XV. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX CONTINUED. Remark 1.-For the same reason that one noun agrees with another in case, it agrees with it in number and person also. "1, Alexander, by the grace of "We, the representatives of the God, emperor of all the Rus- people of these colonies, do make this declaration." sians, promulgate this law." Remark 2.-When one noun describes or qualifies another, the one so ynalifying becomes an adjective in sense, and may be so considered in pars ing. Accordingly, Tremont, in the phrase "Tremont House," is an adjective belonging to House, by RULE ÏV. 615. EXERCISES IN SYNTAX. "The Marlborough Hotel is situated in Washington-street." "The firm of Messrs. Williams & Sons, has failed." "John Dobson was in town yes terday." "John Johnson, the blacksmith, has broken his leg." Remark 3.-When the nouns which refer to the same person or thing are separated by verbs, as, "Webster is a statesman," it is customary to apply one or more of the following rules: 1. Any verb may have the same case after it as before it, when both words refer to same thing. 2. The verb TO BE, through all its variations, has the same case after it as that which next precedes it. "Tremont House." What part of speech is Tremont? Remark 2. How used here? Remark 2. Will you parse it in full ? Will you now parse all the exercises under Remark 2? What is the rule or rules usually given for parsing statesman, in the phrase, "Webster is a statesman"? Remark 3, 1, 2, 3, 4. In the same sentence, do Webster and statesman both mean or refer to the same person? In what case, then, ought they to be? 613. By what rule? XV. (1.) Myself is a compound personal pronoun, first person, singular, nominative case, and put in apposition with I, by Rule XV 3. Passive verbs of naming, judging, &c. have the same case after them as before them. 4. Neuter verbs have the same case after them as before them. 616. The foregoing rules, in the opinion of the writer, are wholly unnecessary, tending merely to confuse the mind of the learner by requiring him to make a distinction in form, when there exists none in principle. In corroboration of this fact, Mr. Murray has the following remark :— 617.By these examples it appears, that the verb to be has no government of case, but serves in all its forms as a conductor to the cases; so that the two cases, which, in the construction of the sentence, are the next before and after it, must always be alike. Perhaps this subject will be more intelligible by observing that the words, in the cases preceding and following the verb to be, may be said to be in apposition to each other. Thus, in the sentence, 'I un derstood it to be him,' the words it and him are in apposition; that is, they refer to the same thing, and are in the same case." Remark 3.-It not unfrequently happens that the connecting verb is omit ted; as, "They made him captain ;" that is, to be captain. "They named him John." 3. "They proclaimed him king.” "The soldiers made him gen- "His countrymen erowned him eral." emperor.' 619. SENTENCES TO BE PARSED AND CORRECTED. "It might have been him, (6.) but there is no proof (7.) of it." "Though I was blamed, it could not have been me.' "I saw one who I took to be she." What office does the verb to be perform between cases? 617. Are the cases next before and after it, alike, or different? 617. What is the opinion of Mr. Murray respecting the cases before and after to be? 617. How does he think it and him should "She is the person who I under stood it to have been." "Who do you think me to be?" "Whom do men say that I am?" "Whom think that I am?" ye be parsed in the phrase, "I understood it to be him"? 617. Will you now parse lessons 1, 2 and 3? Is the verb to be always expressed? Remark 3. Give an example. Remark 3. Will you now take the sentences to be persed and corrected; also those to be written? (1.) Apply Rule XV. (2.) Remark 2. (3.) Conjunction. by Rule XV. (5.) Whom agrees with them, by Rule XV. according to Rule XV. (7.) Apply Rule VI. (4.) Who is put in apposition with he (6.) Him should be he to agree with it |