San Marcos, Tex., sent us specimens of this that were killing chickens. He stated that kerosene proved an efficient remedy for their destruction. Amblyomma unipunctata, P. "The Lone Star Tick" has been very abundant the present season. I have collected it from horse, mule, ox, dog and cat. It is especially abundant in the ears of dogs and genitals of horses. This tick, when in the ears of horses or mules, makes it almost impossible to put on the bridle-only a few are necessary to make a mule really dangerous to attempt to bridle.

3. Dr. Curtice makes a slight error on page 226 in speaking of the "Screw Worm," Lucilia Macellaria, as occurring in the Fourth Stomach of a calf. It should read in the First Stomach, Rumen or Paunch.

4. These Screw Worms frequently are found in the ears of the horse, and if not destroyed at once, often cause a very conspicous deformity of the Concha, which cannot be remedied, called "gotch ear."

TEXAS EXPERIMENT STATION, June 7, 1892.

A PECULIAR CASE OF LIGATION OF THE SMALL INTESTINES.

BY C. A. CARY, B. S., D. V. M.

On June 10th I held an autopsy on a fifteen year old mare that had apparently died from enteritis. About 1 P. M. on the 9th I saw the mare after she had been sick five or six hours. Her pulse, temperature, respirations and manifestations of pain indicated that she was affected with acute indigestion; the owner stated that she had been running in a luxurient clover pasture during the previous afternoon and night. Being a visitor at the place and in a hurry, I ordered a purgative of linseed oil; and to relieve the pain, nitrous æther and morphine. About 6 P. M. I saw the mare again; found the pulse 70; the temperature 104° F.; respiration 35; body covered with prespiration; intestinal murmur absent; rectal examination found the rectum and posterior part of the small colon empty, but the mucous membrane of the small colon was covered with an inflammatory mucus exudate; made violent

efforts to defecate; abdomen was slightly distended; manifested constant pain, looking around with haggard facial expression at either side with the corresponding hind foot raised from the ground, with the leg extended forward and outward. By the use of morphine and antiseptics the pain and flatulency were controlled to a limited extent. She died at 7 A. M. the next morning. Post mortem examination revealed the fact that the pedecil or stem of a fatty tumor (attached to the mesentary) had become wound around a loop of the small intestines, in such a manner as to completely ligate the intestine at the two points of crossing to form the loop.

In the same mare an aneurysm was discovered in the ileocæcal artery, one of the branches of the right fasciculus of the anterior or great mesenteric. There is but little saculation, and only a small portion of the intima was removed; yet a number of mature palisade worms (Sclerostomum armatum) were present. The blood current had not been cut off, and as far as I could determine, there were no emboli below the aneurysm. At the origin of the right fasciculus I found a single half grown worm attached to the intima; the intima was perforated only at the point of attachment; and this seems to indicate that the worms do not always depend upon rupture, or tearing of the intima by other causes, for their points of attachment. The mare was raised by the owner, who informed me that she had never been sick previous to the last twentyfour hours of her life.

REVIEW OF THE AVIAN TUBERCULOSIS.

BY S. E. WEber, V. S.

It will not be out of place to give, in connection with my article in the June number of the JOURNAL, a few lines from the admirable article upon Avian Tuberculosis, from the pen of John Bland Sutton, F. R. C. S. (Sir Erasmus Wilson, Lecturer on Pathology, Royal College of Surgeons, Eng.)* in which he describes the pathological lesions, such as in the spleen, bowels, liver, etc., which are identical with those as I found them in rats. He says: "It is a fact well recognized that the inhabitants of certain regions of the earth suffer from diseases which are even unknown in other parts, some affections are known to be endemic within even a limited area, whilst others are more or less peculiar to certain races of mankind independent of locality. Thus disease has an ethnological as well as geographical distribution."

rare, or

There is, in addition, a zoölogical distribution of disease, that is to say, every great group of animals suffers, to a large extent, from some affections more than others; these may not inaptly be termed the " scourges" of the group. Further, if a disease is a Scourge to two groups of animals, the lesions in both cases differ in their manifestations in important particulars. This may be partly due to structural peculiarities as well as to differences in the environment, whilst the specific irritant remains the same. The term "irritant" is employed to indicate any substance capable of initiating the inflammatory process. As we shall see later, the scourges are the result of the influence of specific irritants which have a predilection for certain groups of animals, and, in some cases, for particular orders of a group.

There is little doubt that the majority, if not all these scourges, are due to the presence of living matter, either animal or vegetable, which thrives on the tissues of living forms. This is merely an extension of parasitism, for as we know Tænia echinococcus is common to wolves and dogs, Tænia medio-cannelata to sheep and oxen, Conurus cerebralis flourishes in the brain of sheep, and some species

*This JOURNAL, Vol. VII., p. 329.

of Acari are only found on the ears of bats; these are merely familiar instances out of a long list that could be adduced.

To return to the affections or scourg, es he further says that syphilis, typhoid fever and tuberculosis are scourges of the human race. The first has never been found except in man. The second, typhoid fever,* has been described in monkeys and a few animals other than man. Tuberculosis though widely distributed, nevertheless devastates the human almost as extensively as any other species. Among the Equidæ, glanders and anthrax are notorious affections, whilst asses are infested to an alarming extent by the worm strongylus armatus. Walley speaks of Eczema epizootica, Pearlsucht, Pleuro-pneumonia, and Rinderpest as the four "bovine scourges." In his article he gives a most elaborate account of a remarkable, wide-spread, and fatal disease affecting more particularly grain-eating birds, and is familiarly known as Avian Tuberculosis. The affection he describes as the scourge of this section of the feathered tribe. His (Bland Sutton's) researches into the nature of this disease commenced in the spring of 1879. "A farmer having lost a large number of fowls in a very short time, requested him to investigate the cause of death, at the same time gave him permission to use the remaining birds in any manner likely to facilitate the inquiry. In 1881 a second outbreak occurred which affected chiefly the young birds. In this, as in the preceding epidemic, only grain-eating birds were affected, ducks and geese escaping entirely. In the meantime fowls from other poultry yards had been furnished him, and it soon became evident that the disease was widely spread in England, for specimens were received from Leeds and Middlesborough in Yorkshire, from Kent, very many places in Middlesex, and from Didcot and Hagbourne in Berkshire. The occurrence of Tuberculosis in these places may be regarded as showing that it is probably met with in most parts of England."

In 1881 he began attending the Zoölogical Gardens of London, and soon found the disease to be very common. For two years observations were made to determine the anatomical and zoological distribution of the disease, as determined by the analysis of the cause of death in one thousand birds of various species. In the meantime, Dr. Heneage Gibbes had joined him in his work and for the purpose of determining the relation of the bacilli to the lesions, In the following November (1883) they both made a joint communication to the Pathological Society of London. Since that date many remarkable cases have come under his observation.

*Path. Soc. Trans., Vol. XXXVI, p. 527, and this JOURNAL, Vol. VII, p. 218.

(a) Tubercular Enlargement of some of the Lymphatic Glands in the Pectoreal region of the right side. (b) The same condition of the glands situated on the inside of the arm near the anterior part of the humero-radial articulation. Al the glands shown in this individual case were well advanced and contained yellow matter, the larger one having become somewhat caseous.