Figs. 8-13. Coccidium oviforme of rabbits (after Balbiani): 8. Corresponds to Fig. 3; 9. The plasma has divided into two sporoblasts; 10. Each large sporoblast has divided into two smaller sporoblasts; 11. The sporoblasts are elongated and (12) become spores, each of which contains two sporozoites and a rest of differentiation (12, 13).

Fig. 14. Coccidium bigeminum (after Stiles), to show the four sporoblasts and (r) rest of segmentation.

Drawn by Haines.

The entire protoplasmic substance of the parasite is not used in the formation of the four "sporoblasts," but a small portion frequently remains (Fig. 14), to which the names "reliquat de segmentation" (Railliet et Lucet), "Theilungskorper" (German authors) have been applied, for which Pfeiffer uses "sporophor." But Wolters introduced the term "sporophor" in speaking of "noyau de reliquat," a small portion of protoplasma which is left unused in the "macrospores" and "microspores" (pseudonaricella) of the Gregarina, after the "falciform bodies" are formed. Wolters uses the terms "sporocyst" as equivalent to "macrospore" and "microspore of Gregarines, and the term "spore" as equivalent to "falciform body."

Falciform bodies: Every "spore" of the true Coccidia gives rise to two "falciform bodies" (Fig. 13), for which Thélohan sometimes uses the term "sporozoites," while Neumann and others call them "spores."

When the two "falciform bodies" are formed, a small portion of the plasma of the spore is left unused, and this has been called the "nucleus" or noyau de reliquat," or "reliquat de differteniation," or "Restkorper;" Pfeiffer uses the term "sporophor" to signify this body also. Strictly speaking, the "sporophor" of Wolters is homologous to this body.

It is unfortunate that these terms are so intermixed, and that new terms are introduced to designate forms which were well named years ago.

The following table (Part I) will show most of the names applied by authors to the different stages in the development of Gregarines and Coccidia. It will be immediately apparent that the same terms have been used by different authors-in fact, by the same author sometimes-to represent different stages of the same animal. *Part II shows the terms used in mycology to designate analogous stages of plants. Part III represents the new nomenclature of Wolters for the Gregarina, which Pfeiffer has adapted for the Coccidia. Part IV, which is essentially the nomenclature followed by most zoologists at present, gives the terms to which in my opinion we should adhere, at least until we are in a position to revise the nomenclature of the entire group of Sporozoa.

In regard to the "Wolters nomenclature," it will be apparent to all, I believe, that the term "sporogonie" has no advantage over the old term "sporoblast," while the term "sporocyst" not only has no advantage over the terms "macrospore" and "microspore," but is a particularly unhappy selection, since this name "sporocyst" is an every-day technical term, used by zoologists to denote a certain larval stage of flukes (Trematode worms), a larval stage which is neither analogous nor homologous to the "spores" (pseudonavicella) of the gregarines, for the "sporocyst" of Trematodes is a stage in the ascending series of development, i. e., between the germ (ovum) and the adult, while the "spore" ("sporocyst" of Wolters) of the Sporozoa is in the descending series, i. e., a stage between the adult and the germ which gives rise to the next generation.

Furthermore, there seems to be no reason for dropping the term "spore," since the stage thus named is actually analagous to the "spore" (conidium, zoosporangium) of the Peronosporea, so far as analogy can be drawn between these two groups, and is exactly analogous with the "spore" (zoosporangium) of the Synchytriæ. Moreover, the class Sporozoa was so named on account of the peculiar reproduction in this group of animals by means of "spores"

* I am indebted to Dr. Erwin T. Smith for checking Part II.

(i. e., pseudonavicelles and "spores" as the word is used in this paper), and not on account of the falciform bodies (sporozoites, "spores" of Wolters).

The term "sporophor" of Wolters must be looked upon as a miscarriage in the sense that it is used: First, because it has no analogy with the "sporophor" of fungi; secondly, because a "sporophor" could, of course, bear only "spores," while the "sporophor" in the new sense is brought into relation with bodies which are not "spores" in the unqualified meaning of the term, but with the sporozoites (zoospores of fungi, i. e., a qualified "spore"); thirdly, because the "nucleus de reliquat" does not bear, either in the sense of giving rise to or carrying the sporozoites, but is a portion of the plasma which, according to most authors, remains after the formation of the sporozoites, a view of which must now be modified, according to the investigations of Henneguy, who says: "Its presence in the spore, before the production of the falciform bodies, indicates that it does not result, as is ordinarily supposed, from the substance left unused in the formation of these spores; as its origin and evolution are not yet well understood, it would be better, I believe, to designate it as globule central."

Pfeiffer's application of Wolter's sporophor to the Coccidia is certainly illogical, since he uses it to represent two entirely different things, i. e., the rest of segmentation and the rest of differentiation. If the term "sporophor" is retained at all, it should be applied to Schneider's "filiment suspenseur" in Orthospora propria (Schneider).

Pfeiffer's terms, "makrospore" and "mikrospore" should probably read "makrocyst" and "mikrocyst."

In the foregoing discussion I have intentionally omitted mention of the newly discovered mode of reproduction in Coccidium, in which the parasite does not divide into four spores, but gives rise directly to numerous swarmspores. The falciform bodies or swarmspores would of course be analogous to the sporozoites.

Pfeiffer compares this stage to Eimeria, and assumes that the "spore" stage (sporogonienstadium, Pfeiffer) of Eimeria is entirely. lost. Judging from the figures of Eimeria, this is incorrect, for the plasma recedes from the wall and forms a second membrane around itself, thus forming a spore, while according to Pfeiffer's figures there is but one membrane around Coccidium oviforme in this stage. More thorough investigation is necessary in regard to this point.

B. A. I., U. S. DEPT. OF AGRICULTURE,

WASHINGTON, D. C., IV, 21, '92.

HÆMORRHAGIE ANÆMIA IN COW.

By W. H. RIDGE, V. M. D.

April 17th I was called to see a cow suffering from mammitis; on arrival I found the animal recumbent, in a natural position, with an udder enormously swollen, which pitted on pressure. She had been in this condition for two days; finding the teat ulcerated badly, I returned home after a teat tube without making further examination; on making my second visit, within one half hour, I found her dead. It is needless to say I was surprised.

I now got the following history: The animal had been ailing for some three months, sometimes missing her meals for a few days, back arched, at times, owner had given some "condition powders," when she would apparently recover, to be soon in the same condition, becoming more and more emaciated. Yet she milked fairly well, and at no time did she show signs of serious sickness until this mammitis, which was only of a few days duration, but very acute.

Autopsy, a few minutes after death. On incision, muscles showed marked anæmia; on cutting the blood vessels, found blood fluid and watery, and in small amount; oedematous spots scattered over body, which, on cutting, let a clear serum escape; serous membrane of abdominal organs normal; rumen moderately filled; reticulum normal; omasum, hard, dry, and one of the centre leaves near the free edge, had attached a papillonia (soft), about 32 inches long by 2 inches wide, it was a deudritic tumor (microscope verified the diagnosis of papillonia); all the other organs normal, except udder, which, on opening, allowed a large quantity of blood to escape; this was a hæmorrhage around the gland, between abdomen and gland, extending down to near the teat; gland structures greatly inflamed on one side, on opening sinuses a chocolate colored fluid escaped.

It was very evident that the death was caused by the hæmorrhage, owing to the anæmic condition weakening the blood vessels; the anæmic condition was caused by the papillonia causing indigestion.