spirit, the, as the grandmother, etc., i. 336-343; as youthful, i. 343- 346; death of, i. 363, 364; binding persons in sheaves as representatives of the, i. 367-372; pretence of kill. ing the, or its representative, i. 372- 380; represented by a stranger, i. 375-380 represented by a human victim, i. 390-3951 how the repre- sentative is chosen, i. 393 as an animal, ii. 1-67; as a cock, ii. 7-10; as a hare, ii. 11; as a cat, ii. 11, 12; as a goat, ii. 12-17; as a bull, ii. 19-24 as a calf, ib. ; as a cow, ii. 20, 21; as a mare, ií. 24, 25: ns a horse, fi. 26; as a pig, ii. 26-31; parallelism between the anthropo morphic and theriomorphic concep tions of the, ii. 32; death of the, ii. 33; suggested explanation of the embodiment of the, in anirial form, ii. 34; the ox as the embodiment of the, ii. 41-43
woman, I. 342, 343 Cornwall, May-day custom in, i. 751 midsummer bonfires in, i. 101; 262; reaping cries in, i. 407 Corsica, midsummer fires in, il. 266 Cough, cure for, ii. 154
Court ceremonies, i. 22, 23; ii. 88 Cow, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 20, 21; sacred, ii. 61; man in cow's hide, ii. 145, 146; cow as a scapegoat, ii. 200, 201
Cracow, harvest customs in, i. 340 Crannon, rain-charm at, i. 21 Creek Indians, festival of the first- fruits amongst the, ii. 75-78; opinions held regarding the properties of vari- ous foods amongst the, ii. 85, 86; sc. clusion of women by the, ii. 239 Crete, sacrifices in, i. 173; festival of Dionysus in, i. 324; worship of Demeter in, i. 331 Croatia, beating in, ii. 216 Crocodiles spared from fear of the
vengeance of other crocodiles, ii. 109 Crops, kings and priests punished for the failure of the, i. 46-48; human sacrifices for the, i. 383, 384; cere- monies at the eating of the new, ii. 69, 71; sacramental eating of the new, ii. 68-77
Crying the Neck, i. 405-408
Curka Coles of India, their belief that the tops of trees are inhabited, i 65
Curse, ceremony of making the curse to fly away, ií. 150, 151
Cyzicus, construction of the council chamber of, i. 174
DACOTAS and the resurrection of the dog, ii. 123
Daedala, festival of the, i. 100-103 Dahomey, king of, a capital offence to see him cat, i. 162
Damaras, custom of the, after travel, i. 158; blood of cattle not shed by the, i. 182
Danger Islanders, soul snare used by the, i. 138, 139
Danzig, burying of cut hair in, i. 202; reaping custom, i. 333; harvest ceremony, i. 367, 368
Dards, the, rain-charm, i. 19 Darfur, veiling the sultan of, i. 162; the sultans and their courtiers, i. 222; the liver thought to be the seat of the soul in, ii. 88 Darowen, midsummer bonfires at, ii. 262 Dend Sunday, i. 254, 260 Death, preference for a violent, i. 216, 217; superstition concerning, i. 260; "carrying out," i. 257-261, 264-271 ; ii. 207; driving out, i. 258, 259, 272, 276 in the custom of "carrying out Death is probably a divine scapegoat, ii. 206-208; ceremonies at the burying of, ii. 250; effigy of, i. 257 sq.
Delxlen, May Day custom in, i. 76 Deer, regard for, ii. 117, 118 Deities, reduplication of, i. 360-362 Demeter, the corn mother, i. 331, 332;
festivals of, ii. 44-47; as a pig, ii. 44- 49; legend of the Phigalian, ii. 49; representation of the black, ii. 49; and Proserpine, myth of, i. 330, 331; probable origin of, i. 355 sq.; proto. types of, i. 356, 357
Demons, the soul carried off by, i. 132. 135
Denderah, tree of Osiris at, i. 308 Denmark Christmas customs, ii. 29, 30; midsummer bonfires, ii. 289 Devils, ceremony at the expulsion of, ii. 151, 158, 159-162, 170-185, 192, 193, 203; represented by men and expelled, ii. 183-185
Devonshire reaping cries, i. 405, 406; rain-charm, i. 408; cure for cough, ii. 154
Diana, rule of the priesthood of, i. 2, 3, 6; ceremonies at the festival of, i. 5; Arician Grove said to be first consecrated to her by Manius Egeri. us, i. 5; a tree goddess, i. 105 Diana's mirror, i. I
Dieyerie of South Australia, rain-mak- ing by the, i. 20; tree superstition amongst the, i. 62 Dingelstedt, harvest custom at, i. 371 Dionysus, marriage of, i. 104; titles of, i. 320, 321; myth of, i. 322-325; rites of, 1. 324, 329; ii. 43-46, 90; rites of, similar to those of Osiris, i. 319, 320; as an animal, i. 325-327, ii. 34-38; association of, with Demeter and Proserpine, ii. 37
Discases sent away in boats, ii. 185. 189, 192 sq. Divine beasts, i. 48
king, dependence of nature upon the, i. 109
kings, i. 49; care taken of, i. 1153 cease to govern, i. 118, 119
kings and priests, burdensome observances placed upon, i. 110-118; effects of these burdens, i. 118-120
Man as scapegoat, ii. 201, 205 persons, seclusion of, ii. 242, 243 spirit, transmigration of, i. 42-44 Divining rods made from the mistletoc, ii. 307
Dog, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 3-7; the flesh of the, caten, ii. 87; resurrection of the, ii. 123; used as a scapegoat, ii. 194, 195 Domalde, King of Sweden, sacrificed, i. 47
Douni, unnual procession at, ii. 280 Dreams, festival of, ii. 165, 166 Druids, onk-worship of the, i. 58 Dublin, May Day custom in, i. 101 Duk-duk, the, ii. 352 sq.
Duke of York Island, fishing ceremony by the natives of, ii. 120 Dulyn, i. 15
Dunkirk, annual procession at, ii. 280,281 Dust columns, i. 30
Dutch criminals, cutting the heir of, to enforce confession, ii. 328
Dyaks, belief in the souls of trees amongst the, i. 59, 60; abduction of the soul, i. 132, 133; restoration of the soul, i. 138; harvest custom, i. 68, 69, 353, 354; the Dynks and bad omens, ii. 151; custom in epidemic, ii. 84; may not eat venison, ii. 86, 87; spare the crocodile, ii. 109; Dyaks and the palm-tree, ii. 329; festival of first-fruits, ii. 376
not shed by the, i. 182, 183; offer- ings of first fruits, ii. 381 Eating animals to get their qualities, ii. 85-89
- and drinking, precautions taken at, i. 160-162
Edersleben, midsummer fire festival in, ii. 262
Efugaos, cannibalism by the, ii. 88 Egeria, i. 5
Egypt, beasts responsible for the course of nature in Upper, i. 48; Egyptian kings deified, i. 49, 50; Egyptian kings blamed for failure of crops, i. 50 ancient Egyptian kings did not drink wine, i. 184, 185; temporary rulers in Upper Egypt, i. 231: cus tom of burning red-haired men by the ancient Egyptians, i. 307; religion of ancient Egypt, i. 313; Egyptians and the pig, ii. 52, 53, 56, 57; the bulls Apis and Mnevis worshipped, ii. 60; sacred cattle in Egypt, ii. 60, 61; sacrifice of the ram in, ii. 92, 93 ; Egyptian type of sacrament, ii. 134- 136; Egyptian scapegoat, ii. 200; the external soul in Egyptian story, ii. 315-318
Eifel mountains, fire festival in the, ii. 247, 248; harvest omens in the, ii. 271
Eisenach, ceremony of bringing back summer in, i. 263; ceremony of carrying out death in, ib.
Elan, regard for the, ii. 117, 118 Elephant, ceremony at the killing of an, ii. 113-115
Eleusis, mysteries of, ii. 37 Elk, regard for the, ii. 117, 118 Ellwangen, harvest ceremony in, ii. 17 Emin Pasha's reception in a Central African village, 155 Emu wren, ii. 336, 337 Encounter Bay tribe, their dread of women's blood, i. 186 English tradition concerning the killing of the wren, ii. 140, 141 Entlebuch, human scapegoat in, ii. 199 Entraigues, hunting the wren in, ii. 144 Epidemic, ceremony in time of, i. 36; ii. 84, 187-189
Epilepsy, supposed cure for, ii. 148, 149 Erfurt, harvest custom in, i. 336 Ertingen, midsummer custom in, i. 89 Erzgebirge, Shrovetide custon. in the, i. 244 Eskimos, charm for lulling the wind, i. 28; Eskimos and the soul, i. 122; reception of strangers, i. 155; Es- kimo women, i. 170
Essex, hunting the wren in, ii. 143 Esthonian superstition regarding the welfare of cattle, i. 72 sq.; blood not tasted by the Esthonians, i. 178, 179; belief concerning women's blood, i. 187; preservation of the parings of nails by the Esthonians, i. 204; carrying out the effigy of Death, i. 270; ceremony at the eating of the new corn, ii. 69, 70; dread of the weevil by the Esthonian peasants, ii. 129, 130
Ethiopian kings and their courtiers, i.
Etruscan wizards, i. 22
European rain-charm, i. 18; forests, i. 57; fire festivals, ii. 246-285 Evils, expulsion of, ii. 145 sq.; occa sional, ii. 158-162; periodic, ii. 162- 182; two kinds of expulsion of evils, the direct or immediate, ard the in- direct or mediate, ii. 158: general observations on, ii. 202-206; trans- ference of, ii. 145 sq.
FAUNS, representation of the, ii. 35; the Fauns wood and corn-spirits, ii. 35, 36
Feilenhof, the wolf a corn-spirit in, ii. 3 Feloupes of Senegambia, charm for rain-making, i. 18
Fern seed, midsummer, ii. 365, 366 Fernando Po, restrictions on the food of the king of, i. 208
Fever, cure for, ii. 152, 153
Fida, no one to drink out of the king's glass in, i. 166
Field of Mars, chariot race on the, ii. 64-66
Fiji, charm used for staying the sun in, i 24; gods of, i. 39; soul extraction in, i. 138; belief in two souls in, i. 145; eating in the presence of sus- pected persons avoided in, i. 160; self-immolation at old age in, i. 216; expulsion of devils in, ii. 175, 176; initiatory rites in, ii. 344, 345; offer- ings of first-fruits in, ii. 377, 378 Finland, wind selling in, i. 27; cattle protected by the wood god in, i. 105, 106; ceremony at the killing of a bear in, ii. 112
Fire festivals, human sacrifices offered at, i. 251
festivals in Europe, ii. 246-285; they were charms to make the sun shine, ii. 267, 274
sacred, made by the friction of wood, ii. 269; made with oak wood, ii. 292, 293
Fire spirit, expulsion of the, ii. 178 Firstborn sacrificed, i. 236, 237 First-fruits, festival of the, ii. 75-78; offerings of, ii. 373-384
Fish, respect shown by savages to, ii. 118-122; fish preachers, ii. 119, 120 Fladda's chapel and wind-making, i. 26, 27
Flamen Dialis, rules of life, i. 117; not allowed to walk under a trellised vine, i. 183, 184; cuttings from the hair and nails buried, i. 200; restric- tion on the food of the, i. 207
Virbialis, i. 6 Flaminica, rules of life for the, i. 117, 118
Flanders, midsummer bonfires in, ii. 267; Flemish cure for ague, ii. 153 Flax-pullers, custom of the, i. 375 Florence, "sawing the old woman" in, i. 261
Florida, sacrifice of the firstborn by the Indians of, i. 236, 237 Folk tales, resurrection in, ii. 125 Food, unconsumed, buried, i. 166; prohibited food, i. 207, 208; strong food, ii. 85
Forests, Europe covered with, in pre- historic times, i. 56
Fors, the, of Central Africa, preserva-
tion of nail parings by the, i. 204, 205 Forsaken sleeper, i. 96
Foulahs of Senegambia spare the croco- dile, ii. 110
France, harvest customs in the north- east of, ii. 4
Franche Comté, harvest customis in, ii. 17 Frankish kings not allowed to cut their hair, i. 193
Friedingen, harvest custom in, ii. 27 Friesland, harvest customs in East, ii. 8 Frog-flayer, i. 92
Funeral custom, i. 129, 130
Fürstenwalde, harvest ceremonies in,
GABLINGEN, harvest customs in, ii. 13 Galela, ceremony at the initiation of boys amongst the, ii. 353 Galicia, harvest customs in, ii. 8 Gall-bladder the special seat of courage amongst the Chinese, ii. 87 Gareloch, Dumbartonshire, harvest cus- toms on some farms on the, i. 345 Garos, rain-charm used by the, i. 18 Georgia, rain-charm in, 17 Germany-German peasants and a whirlwind, i. 30; sacred groves common amongst the ancient Ger- mans, i. 58; ceremony on felling a tree, i. 64; rain-charm, i. 93; custom
after a death, i. 147; superstition re- garding the knife, i. 177; superstition concerning hair cutting, i. 196, 199; harvest custom, i. 337, 345, 374, 375; ii. 9; harvest cries, i. 408, 409; way to free a garden from caterpillars, ií. 130; beating as a charm, ii. 216, 217; oak the sacred tree, ii. 291; oak log burnt on Midsummer Day, ii. 294; the external soul in German stories, ii. 310-312 Gervasius, rain spring mentioned by, i. 19
Ghosts, the soul carried off by, i. 129- 132; annual expulsion of the ghosts of the dead, ii. 163
Giant, sham, procession and burning of the, ii. 280-282
Gilgit, ceremony on felling a tree in, i. 65; sacred cedar of, i. 69 sq.; har- vest custom at, ii. 73, 74 Gilyak sacrifice of the bear, ii. 105-107 Girls secluded at puberty, ii. 225-247;
reason for, ii. 238-242; not allowed to touch the ground or see the sun, ii. 225-253; traces in folk tales of the rule which forbids girls at puberty to see the sun, ii. 235-237
Goat, the, sacred, ii. 56, 63; Diony- sus as a, i. 326-328; ii. 34-37; the corn-spirit as a, ii. 12-19
God, killing the, i. 213; ii. 218-222; killing a god in animal form, i. 327, 328; motives for killing the god, i. 214-216
God's Mouth, the name of the supreme ruler of the old Prussians, i. 223 Gods die and are buried, i. 213, 214
incarnate, slain, ii. 218-222 Gold Coast, sacrifices of the negroes of the, i. 67; their superstition with re- gard to iron, i. 173
Golden Bough, Turner's picture of the, i. I; legend of the, i. 4; the repre- sentative of the tree-spirit, i. 107; between heaven and earth, ii. 223- 243; what was it, ii. 224; the Golden Bough is the mistletoe, ii. 363, 368; why was the mistletoe called the Golden Bough, ii. 365; the Golden Bough an emanation of the sun's fire, ii. 367
Goldi sacrifice of the bear, ii. 107, 108 Gommern, harvest festival at, i. 370 Gonds, human sacrifices by the, i. 252,
384; mock-human sacrifices, i. 252; scapegoats amongst the, ii. 200 Good Friday custom, ii. 216 Gout transferred from a man to a tree, ii. 153
Grand Lama, death and reappearance
of the, i. 42, 43; and the shadow of Sankara, i. 142
Grandmother, a name given to the last sheaf, i. 336
Granny, a name given to the last sheaf, i. 336
Grass king, i. 91-93, 247
Grätz, midsummer custom in, ii. 267 Greece, rain-making in, i. 16; tree worship in, i. 58, 59, 99; festivals of the Greeks, i. 99, 100, 103; cere- mony at the laying of a foundation stone in, i. 144; sacrificial ritual in, ii. 54, 55; human scapegoats in, ii. 210- 217; midsummer fires in, ii. 266; the external soul in Greek stories, ii. 305-307
Green George, i. 84-86
Grenoble, May Day in, i. 94; harvest custom in, ii. 15, 47
Grihya-Sutras, provision in the, for the burning of cut hair, i. 202 Grossvargula, Whitsuntide custom in, i. 91
Ground, sacred persons not allowed to touch the, ii. 224, 243 note; girls at puberty not allowed to touch the, ii. 225-253; sacred things may not touch the, ii. 243 note Grüneberg, harvest ceremony in, ii. 11 Guanches, rain-charm in, i. 19 Guatemala, the nagual amongst the, ii. 333, 334
Guaycurus and storms, i. 28 Guinea, secreting of cut hair and nails in, i. 203; annual expulsion of the devil by the negroes of, ii. 170; time of licence in, ii. 204 Guyenne, harvest ceremony in, ii. 6
HACK-THORN, sacred, i. 69 Hadeln, reaping custom in the district of, i. 333
Haida Indian wind-charm, i. 26 Hair, burning of loose, i. 205; burning after child-birth, i. 206; cut hair de- posited in a safe place, i. 200-205; cutting, i. 193 sq.; most sacred day of the year appointed for hair cutting, i. 197; superstition concerning the cutting of the, i. 196, 198, 199; cut only during a storm, i. 199; hair- cutting as a disinfectant, i. 206, 207; magic use of cut hair, i. 198, 199; strength supposed to be in the, ii. 328; hair not cut, i. 193-195; superstition about cutting the hair and nails, i. 193-207
Halberstadt, human scapegoats in, ii. 199
Halibut, festival in honour of the, ii. 121
songs and cries, ii. 364-366, 404- 409
Harz Mountains, Easter fires in the, ii. 253
Hawaii, detention of the soul in, i. 139; capital offences in, i. 190
Hay family, the, and the mistletoe, ii. 362
Head, sanctity of the, i. 187-193; ceremony at the washing of the, i. 188
Headache, transference of, ii. 149 Headington, May-day custom at, i. 94, 95
Heaven, the Golden Bough between heaven and earth, ii. 223-243 Hebrides, representation of spring in the, i. 97
disappearance of the
herring from, ii. 120 Herbrechtingen, threshing custom in, ii. 22
Hercynian forest, i. 56, 57
Hereford, sin eaters in, ii. 154, 155 Herefordshire, midsummer fires in, ii. 262
Hermsdorf, harvest custom in, i. 338 Herodotus, story by, of the wind fighters of Psylli, i. 29
Herring, disappearance of the, from Heligoland, ii. 120
Hertfordshire harvest custom, ii. 24 Hessen, Ash Wednesday custom in, ii. 29; sowing-time customs in, ii. 48 Hidatsa Indians, belief in the plurality of souls amongst the, ii. 339 Hierapolis, pigs sacred at, ii. 50 Himalayas, scapegoats in the Western, ii. 194
Hindoo cure for the murrain, ii. 191;
festival of Ingathering, ii. 272; girls and puberty, ii. 234, 235; the ex- ternal soul in Hindoo stories, ii. 298- 302
Hindoos, the, test of a suitable sacri- ficial victim, i. 36; Hindoos and yawning, i. 123; custom of nail cutting by the, 196; festival at the eating of the new rice by the, ii. 73 Hindoo Koosh, smoke from the sacred tree inhaled by the sybil, i. 35; blood sucking the test of a diviner amongst the, ib.; expulsion of devils amongst the, ii. 173
Holland, Whitsuntide custom in, i. 88; Easter fires, ii. 253
Holstein, reaping custom in, i. 333; healing effects of the mistletoe in, ii. 289
Hornkampe, harvest custom in, i. 337 Horse, the corn-spirit as a, ii. 24-26; sacrifice of the, ii. 64
Horses excluded from the Arician grove, i. 6
and Virbius, ii. 62-64
Hos, harvest festival amongst the, ii. 171, 172; time of licence with the, ii. 204; offering of first-fruits by the, ii. 374 "Hottentot priests do not use iron, i. 173; wind-charm, i. 27, 28; sheep driven through the fire by the, ii. 273 Hovas of Madagascar, offerings of first- fruits by the, ii. 374
How, coffer of Osiris at, i. 309 Huahine, offerings of first-fruits in, ii. 381
Huitzilopochtli, dough image of the Mexican god, made and eaten, ii. 81 Human sacrifices, i. 235-237, 251, 252, 381; replaced by mock sacrifices, i. 250-253
victim represents the corn-spirit, i. 390-395
Hungary, Whitsuntide custom in, i. 93; the external soul in Hungarian stories, ii. 320, 321
Hunger, expulsion of, ii. 210, 211 Hunting the wren, ii. 140-144 Hurons, the, and fish bones, ii. 119; their idea of the soul, i. 122; driving away sickness amongst the, ii. 162 Huskanaw, the name of an initiatory
ceremony amongst the Indians of Virginia, ii. 348
Hyla, sacred men inspired by the Image of Apollo at, i. 37
IBO, king of, confined to his premises, i. 164
Ihlozi, the, of the Zulus, ii. 332 Incarnate gods, i. 30-54 Incarnation, temporary and permanent, i. 32, 37-42
Incas of Peru revered as gods, i. 49; preservation of cut hair and parings of the nails of the, i. 203; restrictions upon the prince who is to become Inca of Peru, ii. 225; ceremony for the expulsion of diseases, etc. by the, ii. 167-169
Indersdorf, harvest custom in, ii. 17, 18 India, devil dancer drinks sacrificial blood in Southern, i. 34; human gods in, i. 41, 42; marriage of shrubs and trees in, i. 60; sin eating in, ii. 155, 156; iron used as a charm in, i. 175, 176; harvest custom in the Central Provinces of, i. 371, 372; custom during cholera in Central Provinces of, ii. 189; offerings of first-fruits in, ii. 374, 375 Indians of Alaska, preservation of cut hair by the, i. 201, 202
of Arizona offer human sacrifices, i. 251
of Guayaquil sacrifice human beings at seed time, i. 381
of Guiana, treatment of girls at puberty by the, ii. 232-234
of Peru and their fish gods, ii. 118, 119
of Virginia, initiatory ceremony amongst the, ii. 348, 349 Influenza, ii. 190
Initiatory rites, simulation of death and resurrection at, ii. 342-358
Innuit of Alaska, custom after a death amongst the, i. 177
Inspiration, i. 33; by blood drinking, i. 34, 35; by use of sacred tree, i. 35,36
Inspired men, i. 36, 37
victims, i. 36
Irayas of Luzon, offerings of first-fruits by the, ii. 377
Ireland, May Day in the south-east of, i. 94; hunting the wren at Christmas in, ii. 142, 143; midsummer fires in, ii. 263, 264
Iron, superstitious aversion to, i. 172. 174; as a charm, i. 175 Iron-Beard, Dr., i. 249, 257 Iroquois, ceremony at the festival of dreams by the, ii. 165, 166; scape- goat used by the, ii. 194, 195; time of licence amongst the, ii. 204 Isis, a corn goddess, i. 310, 311; named the moon by the aboriginal inhabi.
tants of Egypt, i. 311; as a cow, ii. 61
Isle of Man, wind selling in the, i. 27; hunting the wren at Christmas in the, ii. 142; midsummer bonfires, ii. 263 Issapoo, the cobra capella the guardian deity of the negroes of, ii. 94, 95 Istar, legend concerning the goddess, i. 287
Italones, cannibalism by the, ii. 88 Italy, tree worship in ancient, i. 58, 59; custom of "sawing the old woman in, i. 261, 262; gardens of Adonis in, i. 294; midsummer fires in, ii. 266; oak the sacred tree in, ii. 291; the external soul in Italian stories, ii. 307, 308
Itonamas, the, and the soul, i. 123 Itzgrund, harvest custom in, i. 338 Ivy girl, i. 344
JACK-IN-THE-GREEN, i. 88, 89, 247 Jambi, temporary kings in, i. 231, 232 Japanese, expulsion of evil spirits by the, ii. 176
Jarkino, belief in animate trees in, i. 61 Javanese and rice bloom, i. 60, 61; ceremony at rice harvest, i. 355; Javanese and the soul, i. 124, 125 Jerome of Prague, i. 24 Jeypur, scapegoat used in cases of smallpox in, ii. 190, 191 Jubilee, i. 225
Jupiter represented by an oak on the Capitol at Rome, ii. 291
KAFFA, worship of human god in, i.
Kafir boys at circumcision, i. 171; New Year festival, ii. 74; elephant hunters, ii. 113, 114; burying of cut hair and nails by the Kafirs, i. 202, 203
Kakian Association, ii. 354-357 Kakongo, king of, not allowed to touch certain European goods, i. 160; not seen eating, í. 162
Kalamba, ceremonies on a visit to, by subject chiefs, i. 159
Kalmucks, consecration of the white ram by the, ii. 136
Kamant tribe do not allow a natural death, i. 217
Kamtchatkans excuse themselves before killing land or sea animals, ii. 110, III; respect the seal and sea lion, ii. III
Kânagrâ, spring custom in, i 276,
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