It is pointed out that each hydranth of a colony does not consist alone of that part containing the stomach and bearing the tentacles and hypostome, but also of a stem-shaped portion, which is developed at the same time with it out of the same bud. This region is termed the "hydrocope," and is included in the hydranth, the remaining region of which is the "hydroGIH FIG. 1.- -Diagram of a bud of a medusa or medusoid gonophore-Gik, endo- cephalis." The hydrocope corresponds to the region in Tubu- whilst in the female Physophoride the origin of the single ovum is different (in the endocodon). As soon as the homogeny of the two layers of the Coelenterata with the two primitive layers of the higher Metazoa became evident, the question arose whether the germinal cells of the Metazoa generally were of ectodermal or endodermal origin, and a large number of observers attempted to settle the question offhand by investigating the process of development of the germinal cells in some one Cœlenterate. Each assumed that his particular results must hold good for the entire group, and as the results were conflicting-the place of first appearance of the germinal cells lying as is well known in some Cœlenterates in the ectoderm and in others in the endoderm-much confusion arose. At this period, E. van Beneden's memoir appeared which, on the strength of the conditions occurring in a Hydractinia, a Campanularia, and a Clava, started the theory that the germ layers were themselves sexually differentiated, the female elements arising from the endoderm and the male from the ectoderm, and that in the union of a derivative of each layer lay the essence of impregnation, the neces ary precursor of repro duction. This brilliant conception was soon shown by further observation to be erroneous, and as Prof. Weismann points out it was from the first not in accordance with the phenomena of parthenogenesis. As the next important phase in the question came the attempt of the brothers Hertwig to prove that the Colenterata belong to two distinct stocks, the one consisting of the Anthozoa and Scyphomed sæ, in which the germinal cells are derived from the endoderm (Endocarpa), and the other of the Hydromedusa and Ctenophora, in which they originate from the ectoderm (Ectocarpa). If this position be correct, and, as will be seen in the sequel, one of the most startling of the conclusions arrived at in the present work is that, notwithstanding all the apparent evidence to the contrary, it probably is so in reality, then the important principle of inheritance and continuity in development in the germ layers receives a strong support, of which with regard to the gonad elements it seemed in great need. Prof. Weismann was led to undertake the present prolonged researches by his observing that in certain of the Hydromedusæ the germinal cells originate, not in the sexual individuals themselves nor even in the blastostyles that support them, but in the coeno-arc of the colony, in the common parenchym of the stem and its branches, and that this occurs not only in the case of the female but also in some instances in that of the male germinal cells. The existence of ovicells of coenosarcal origin had been previously observed by Quatrefages, F. E. Schultze, Fraipont, and others, but these elements had not been recogni-ed as the sole source of supply of the female gonophores with ova. E. van Beneden further had observed the origin of the egg-cells in Hydractinia, in that part of the blastostyle which sub equently becomes evaginated to form the gonophore. Kleinenberg published his account of his discovery of the migration of the egg-cells of Eudendrium from the ectoderm into the endoderm and in the opposite direction just before Weismann Hep-had arrived at a similar conclusion and had found in his preparations egg cells in the act of boring through the basement membrane with one half lying in the ectoderm and the other in the endoderm. The establishme it of the fact that migration of the sexual cells of a most remarkable character in the many forms in which he has proved it to occur is a constant phenomenon, the history of its details, and the discussion of the phylogenetic origin and general biological bearings of the curious phenomena presented by it, form the most important features of the present work. The author as more convenient adopts-instead of Allman's terms, phanerocodonic gonophore and adeloc odonic gonophore"medusa" and "medusoid gonophore" respectively. He applies the latter term to all gonophores, not becoming free medusa, in the walls of which any traces, however rudimentary, can be detected of the three layers, viz. the inner and outer ectoderm layers and the intervening endoderm lamella-of which the wall of the bell of the medusa is composed. He uses the term sporophore for those gonophore sacs in which no indication of anything beyond a single layer of ectoderm and endoderm can be discovered. A structure which assumes great importance in the history of the wanderings of the ovicells is the duplicature of ectoderm, which grows inwards at the summit of the simple sac-like bud out of which a medusa is formed, depressing the endo lern lamella and forming the hollow of the bell. It is necessary that this embryonic organ or mass of cells, observed by so many investigators, should receive a special name, and it is termed "endocodon." He Blst H Camb Knz... Hhy FIG. 2.-Diagram of a primary, Hhy, and lateral, Shy, hydranth of Eudendrium; He, hydrocephalis; H, neck; Camb, cambium zone; Knz, zone of gemmation; Hep, hydrocope; Sa, lateral branch; Bist, blastostyle; Gcp, gonccope; Sph, sporophore. hydranths of a stock the "principal" from the "lateral" hydranths. The principal hydranths are those which remain permanently at the extremities of the stems or branches throughout the growth of the stock by lateral budding. In the arborescent stocks of the Tubularida the first hydranth sprung from the egg remains permanently at the extremity of the principal stem, the lateral buds of which never surpass it in growth. In the same way the first formed hydranth of each lateral branch retains its position at the tip of that branch, and must be distinguished as a principal hydranth of secondary order, becoming such so soon as it produces a hydranth bud above its distal gonophore. This distinction is necessary not only because the primary and lateral hydranths often differ in size, but mainly from the most important fact that the principal hydranths are sexually sterile; only the lateral hydranths produce gonophores. No such distinction of principal hydranths occurs amongst the Campanularida and the Sertularidæ. The above brief historical sketch and preliminary explanation is extracted from the introductory part of the work. The special part, which forms by far the greater portion of the whole, treats separately of the details of the series of species investigated. Hhy the ectoderm of the zone of gemmation of a principal hydranth and in this well defined and restricted region only. The ovicells are certainly not preformed in the embryo or larva, but are formed in the zone before the lateral hydranth bud begins to appear out of ectoderm cells which differ in no respect from other young ectoderm cells. The ovicells migrate in the ectoderm from their place of origin to that where the bud of the lateral hydranth has begun to form, and, passing into the lateral hydrocope as it grows out, enter the gonophore as soon as it is developed, their entire course of travel lying in the ectoderm. Every ovicell becomes an ovum, and enough ovicells migrate in a group into the lateral hydranth to fill several gonophores; those not destined for the first formed gonophore move onwards past it, and a part of them pass later into the second gonophore when this becomes formed between the first and the neck of the lateral hydranth. This change of position of the ovicells must be partly due to active movement, since the simple shifting due to growth could not push the cells past the first gonophore, and long before the first gonophore is ripe these cells are found lying beyond it, whereas beforehand they lay below it (see Fig. 4, uz). FIG 3-Tip of a stem of Euden drium racemosum (actual, not d agrammatic), with the principal hydranths, Hhy, and ten lateral hydranths, Shy 1-10; Bist, blastostyle, with female gonophores or ova; Kzo, germinal zone in wider sense, i.e. extent of the main stem and hydrocope containing eggcells. The letters ent and ect indicate whether in the lateral hydrocopes of the specimen ovicells were present in the ectoderm or endoderm, or in both. The results with regard to two of these forms, Cordylophora lacustris and Eudendrium, will be followed here, the former being chosen mainly because the account of it is illustrated by a woodcut, which it is advantageous to reproduce. The structure of Cordylophora lacustris is well known from F. E. Schulze's inost excellent most excellent monograph. Weismann finds that the regular branching of the stock in this species depends on its following the law that "a principal or terminal hydranth of a principal stem or lateral branch produces no buds but those of hydranths, never those of gonophores, and that only the hydranths, and not the gonophores, can produce buds." The zone of gemmation of the hydranths lies in the hydrocope, just below the neck. In the female stocks the germinal cells do not take their origin in the gonophores, but arise in the cœnosarc in FIG. 4-A principal hydranth, Hhy, and a lateral hydranth, Shy, of Cordylophora; KZ, actual germinal zone, also zone of gemmation; KŻ', former position of the germinal zone, Sph, female sporophore; wz, migrating ovicells. The migration must take place very slowly and in a particular direction, for the cells are never found scattered irregularly along the whole stem, but always together in a small troop, and they never make their way by accident into a hydrocephalis. The same process is repeated in the formation of the second, and, if ovi. ce'ls enough be present, of the third gonophore. A fresh swarm of ovicells is never introduced from the main stem into a lateral branch, and no new ovicells are developed in any lateral hydranth until it ceases to become such by developing a hydranth bud above its distal gonophore. It then becomes a principal hy. dranth of secondary order, and acquires at once a germinal zone beneath its neck, which supplies the gonophores developed on its lateral hydranth buds with ova by migration, just as in the case of the primary principal hydranth. It produces no further gonophores itself, and differs in no respect from the primary principal hydranth excepting in that it was once a lateral hy dranth, and produced a set of gonophores, whilst the primary principal hydranth never was lateral and never produced gonophores. The ova ripen in the ectoderm of the sporophores. The primitive male germinal cells in Cordylophora are formed like the female from young ectoderm cells, but their place of origin lies in the zone of gemmation of the lateral hydranth at the spot where the gonophore bud is formed. In the genus Eudendrium most remarkably there is a difference in the formation of the gonad elements in the case of different species. In Eudendrium racemosum the gonophores are not borne by the hydranths but on blastostyles, which bud out only | from the lateral hydranths. Both male and female germinal cells have their place of origin not in the gonophores or blasto. styles, but in the coenosarc; the gonophores are only the ripening places of the cells. The blastostyles are not regarded by the author as hydranths which in an ontogenetical sense become atrophied in the history of each colony, in consequence of the exhaustive effect of the development of gonophores on them, but as special structures probably derived originally from hydranths, but which have undergone a permanent phylogenetic modification (at all events in E. racemosum and E. capillare) to adapt them for their peculiar function. The developing buds from which blastostyles are formed are very early to be distinguished from those forming hydranths, and do not vary in colonies of the same sex, though they show a constant difference in form in the two sexes. The male blastostyles have no hypostome, mouth, or trace of tentacles. The female have also no hypostome but have a double crown of tentacles, and appear at the time when the gonophores are ripe to have a small temporary mouth, which it is suggested may possibly swallow the spermatozoa to effect fertilisation. Migrations. derm cells. Male germinal cells: young ectoFemale germinal cells: probably ectoderm cells which have migrated into the endoderm. The ectoderm of the manubrium of free-swimming Medusæ. The male cells none. The female cells out of the primary endoderm sac of the gonophore bud into the spadix and thence into the ectoderm of the manubrium. The facts with regard to all the investigated species, when thus placed in a tabular form, appear at first sight so varied and complicated as to defy all reduction to uniform law. The germinal cells appear to be developed sometimes here, sometimes there, without rule of any kind and without definite relation to the germ layers. A most remarkable fact lies in the circumstance that the greatest differences in these matters occur in closely allied genera and even species. But, since this can occur without affecting the general evidences of these relationships, "the variations must depend on such differences as can occur amongst nearly related forms." And in this circumstance really lies in Prof. Weismann's opinion the key to the whole matter. By careful use of the comparative method, he has arrived at the conclusion that the differences in the position of the place of first appearance of the germs depend on a “phylogenetic shifting" of this position, and have ensued pari passu with the degeneration of the primitive free medusa unto sessile brood sacs. The advantage gained by the animal in the shifting which has brought this about, has lain in the earlier ripening of the gonad elements. In the female stocks of Eudendrium racemosum when in full sexual maturity the coenosarcal tubes at all the free ends of Ripening place. the branches contain large quantities of ovicells. The fine twigs are often full of hundreds of them. They occur in both ectoderm and endoderm, but far more abundantly in the former, where they are found in all stages of development, whereas in the endoderm scarcely any but large egg-cells are found. The primitive germinal cells are derived from ordinary young ectoderm cells, with which in rapid process of multiplication the whole germinal zone is filled. This zone lies only in the principal hydranths, commencing a little below their necks and extending a shorter or further distance down the stem, but as a rule not further than the second lateral hydranth (Kzo, Fig. 3). Within this zone the production of new ovicells is almost entirely restricted to its uppermost region. As the principal hydranth grows, the germinal zone, which maintains a constant length, rises with it, and as soon as it rises above the point of junction of any lateral hydranth, this hydranth is cut off from any further supply of ovicells. The ovicells never occur in the endoderm within the germinal zone, but are only found in that layer within the hydranth and gonocope. This is because of the remarkable migrations which the cells perform, which take place in perfectly definite directions at definite times. The cells remain in their place of origin, the ectoderm of the germinal zone, until a new lateral hydranth bud begins to be formed, and into this they migrate through the ectoderm, not at once, but as soon as the hydranth has attained a well defined stem. They wait here in the ectoderm, growing considerably, until they have attained a certain size, and then bore their way into the endoderm, nearly all the cells in each lateral hydrocope effecting the penetration of the basement membrane simultaneously, just at the time when a blastostyle bud commences to form. The cells hold on to the basement membrane on its inner face by one end, and stretch forwards the other in the direction of the position of the future blastostyle, and become remarkably elongate, their free ends being drawn out into long slender filaments amongst the endoderm cells. As soon as a hollow is formed in the blastostyle bud they creep in, still clinging to the basement membrane and always to its endodermal face. As the hollow enlarges, more and more creep in, and the bud takes on a pear shape. As the gonophores are budded out from the blastostyle the cells pass into the endoderm of these, then almost simultaneously bore through the basement membrane again, and reach the ectoderm layer of the sporophores, their final ripening place. The ovicells never reach maturity on the hydranths in which they originate, but always in the blastostyle of a lateral hydranth. In the male stocks of Eudendrium racemosum the place of origin of the germinal cells is the ectoderm of the region of gemmation of the lateral hydranths. Thence they migrate by the endoderm into the sporophores, and then like the ovicells bore their way out into their ripening place, the ectoderm of the sporophores. In the other species of Eudendrium examined, E. capillare, the place of first appearance of both male and female germinal cells is in the endoderm. In accordance with a widely accepted view, the sessile gonophores of all the attached hydromedusæ except hydra, are probably to be regarded as degenerated medusæ. In the ancestral medusæ the gonad elements of both kinds originated in the ectoderm of the manubrium, and ripened there as they do now in six out of seven Tubularine genera bearing medusæ examined by the author, viz. Dendroclava, Bougainvillia, Perigonimus, Cladonema, Corymorpha, Syncoryne. Both the origination and ripening of the germinal cells occurred during the free life of the medusæ. Certain causes rendered the free medusa stage disadvantageous, and in many instances the gonophores in consequence became sessile, whilst the sexual elements originated and ripened in them at an earlier stage. At first the elements retained the same place of origin as in the free meduse, a condition which survives in the medusoid gonophores of the existing Cladocoryne. But it became advantageous that the elements should not wait for their formation by cell division and for their gradual maturation until the process of construction of the gono. phores by budding had been completed, and thus the formation of the ovicells became shifted, and appeared in an earlier stage. What may be regarded as a first stage in this process is represented in Pennaria and Tubularia, in which the germinal cells of both sexes first appear in the endocodon (see Fig. 1) of the gonophore bud, being carried afterwards, as development proceeds, to the original ripening place, the manubrium. As a further stage in the process, the primitively ectodermal germinal cel's migrated into the endoderm, and here we find them making their first appearance in all the Tubularina bearing medusæ or medusoid gonophores, in which they do not originate in the ectoderm of the manubrium or in the endocodon. Most important is the fact that in Podocoryne and Clava, and other forms, the male elements have a different place of first appearance from the female. In Podocoryne the male germinal cells arise in the ancestral place, the ectoderm of the manubrium; the female, however, first appear in the endoderm of the medusa bud. In Clava the male elements originate in the endocodon; in the female they are first detected in the endoderm of the gonophore stem. IIere the phylogenetic shifting of the place of first differentiation of the germinal cells has operated only in one sex or in one more than the other. In all such cases it is the place of first differentiation of the female elements which has undergone further shifting than that of the male, apparently because, under similar circumstances, owing to their more minute sul division, spermaries becon.e more easily and rapicly ripened than ovaries. In the case of Eudendrium racemosum, already described, three further stages of the shifting back of the place of origin of the germinal cells appear to have been und rgone by the female stocks beyond those evidenced in Podocoryne. in the two sexes of the same species, which points clearly to the original and essential: ource of both sexual elements having lain in the ectoderm, as is still the case in the primitive, hermaphrodite, freshwater Hydra; whilst the other dwells on the circumstance that in all Hydroids in which the first appearance of the germinal cells takes place in the endoderm, a satisfactory proof of the endodermal origin of these cannot be brought forward. Where they originate in the ectoderm their identity with young ectoderm cells is obvious. When found in the endoderm, at the bases of the peculiar flagellate cells composing this layer, they have a similar appearance to the primitive germinal cells found in the ectoderm, but no connection of gradation between them and the endoderm cells can be detected, nor any subdivision of the endoderm cells tending to their production. Having arrived at the above conclusion, the author is led to believe, as already mentioned, that the division of the Coelenterata in'o Endocarpa and Ectocarpæ introduced by the brothers Hertwig may very probably still hold good, the Hydromedusæ, with the Siphonophora and Ctenophora, being sprung from a separate phylum of the primitive Coelenterates from that comprising the Anthozoa and Scyphomedusæ. The work closes with a reference to the question of the alternation of generations in the Hydromedusa. Now that the cœnosarcal origin of the germinal cells is proved in so many instances, can the gonophores or medusa, the sexual cells of which are formed in the cœnosarc of the hydranth or stem before they themselves are begun to be developed, be regarded as sexual individuals? It is obvious that it would lead only to confusion if the old way of regarding the matter was upset. The past fact that the sexual elements, though now developed at a greater or less distance in many species, formerly undoubtedly originated within the gono, hores. If an opposite view were adopted, the absurd difficulty would arise that the male gonophores in some species would have to be taken as sexual individuals and the females in the same species as not. In some forms, as in Cordylophora already described, the entire long migration takes place entirely in the ectoderm, and it is plain that the shifting of the place of origin of the germinal cells backwards from the gonophores has taken in different forms two different lines of progress, one into the endoderm, the other through the ectoderm only. It is a remarkable fact that in no real medusa is the place of first appearance of the ger-history of the gonophores must be taken into account, and the minal cells shifted further back than at most to the endoderm of the gonophore. The difference of position of the generative elements in the meduse of the Campanularinæ is regarded by the author as secondary, derived from a primitive disposition, as in the Anthomedusa, by phyletic shifting from the manubrium to the radial canals, evidence in proof of which is adduced. The author's discovery of the gradual phylogenitic shifting of the place of origin of the sexual elements in Hydromedusæ seems, as he points cut, to throw most happy light on the vexed controversy between Brooks and Salensky as to the alternation of generations in the Sal æ. The ovarium in the stolon of the solitary Salpa discovered by Brooks doubtless belonged originally to the sexual chain Salpa and has become shifted in order to hasten its maturation into the stolon of the nurse, which is no more to be regarded as sexual because of its preparing an ovary for the buds than are the principal hydranths of Eudendrium racemosum to be regarded as such because they supply the ovicells to the gonophores borne by the blastostyles. As in so many of the Hydromedusa, the male elements of the sexual individuals have undergone no corresponding shifting. The discrepancies between the results of the two observers probably depend on the circumstance that the process of phylogenetic shifting has attained, as in Hydromedusæ, different stages of development in the various species. The mode of reproduction of the Salpe is still to be regarded as a case of alternation of generation, even should Salensky's well founded suspicion that the chain Salpæ are themselves able to produce a second ovary after the first has been used A most intensely interesting section is that devoted to the subject of the migration of the germinal cells. These cells seem to be guided in their movements by an extraordinary instinct. Every ovicell on setting out for its travels appears to have before it a definite route to a particular gonophore, and to follow it with certainty; and, further, to be able to distinguish a young hydranth Lud from a young blastostyle bud, never entering the one in error for the other. The migrations may be compared to those of certain birds the young of which are believed by some ornithologists to find their way to their distant home without the aid of any old birds who have already made the journey to guide them. The author suggests that it must be the outcome of an excessively fine sense of minute differences of pressure which enables the cvicells of Podocoryne, after they have bored their way into the ectoderm, to arrange themselves in four longitudinal rows in the interradii of the manubrium, instead of forming an even zone round it. No doubt, as he points out, the same laws are at work here which determine the size, shape, number, and sequer ce of the cells in every organism; but this free mobility of these germinal cells in the Hydroida, with their definite line of march and goal, is a new factor, to which there seems to be no parallel known in other groups, although migrat-up prove invalid. ing cells pursuing comparatively indefinite courses are known in most Metazoa. As having a nearer resemblance to these movements are cited those of the mesoblast cells which are set free from the blastophore of the gastrula larva of Echinoderms, and which arrange themselves in regular order on the inner surfaces of its cavity. That there is no absolute difference between these curious tissue-building migrations and ordinary growth follows from the evident fact that they have arisen phylogenetically out of the formation of organs by ordinary process of growth. The question of the immediate origin of the primitive germinal cells of the Hydroids is discussed in a most able summary chapter of the utmost interest, but which it is impossible to do justice to here. With regard to the relations of the elements to the two layers, the conclusion is that in all the Hydromedusæ, including the Siphonophora, the actual origin of the primitive germinal cells is from ectoderm cells. In all cases in which the first traces of the germinal cells can only be detected in the endoderm, the parent primitive germinal cells have migrated out of the ectoderm. This position is supported by two lines of argument, the one drawn from the comparison of the various stages in the shifting of the place of origin of the germinal cells exhibited in the various species of Hydromedusæ, and especially The remarkable differences in the development of the germinal cells in nearly allied Hydromedusæ seem to be paralleled to some extent by the extraordinary condition in the early embryology of the Salpæ discovered by Salensky, where the differences occurring in the different species are so great and important that, as he writes, "they hardly bear comparison with one another." In all Salpæ the early segmentation of the ovum takes place as usual, but then "gonoblasts, cells derived from the epithelium of the egg-follicle, not sexually fertilised elements, suppress the blastomeres, which atro hy whilst the entire embryo is formed from the gonoblasts with or without other unfertilised matter. Salensky calls this extraordinary process, which is without parallel in the rest of the animal kingdom, "follicular budding.” Possibly some of the curious differences as to the extent to which the gonoblasts and parts of the ovary and oviduct enter into the formation of the embryo in Salpæ (Gymnogonæ and Thecogona) may be hereafter explained on some such principle as that of Prof. Weismann of "phylogenetic shifting.' H. N. MOSELEY I Prof. W. Salensky, "Neue Untersuchungen über die embryonale Entwicklung der Salpen." II. Th. Schluss, "Mittheilungen aus der Zool. Station zu Neapl.," Bd. iv. Heft 3. UNIVERSITY AND EDUCATIONAL INTELLIGENCE CAMBRIDGE.-The Public Orator (Mr. J. E. Sandys) made the following address to the Senate in pre enting Mr. Andrew Graham, First Assistant to Prof. Adams at the Observatory, for the complete degree of M. A. honoris causâ. Mr. Graham discovered the ninth minor planet Metis, a fact cleverly turned to account by the Orator : "Dignissime domine, Domine Procancellarie et tota Aca demia: "Quam invidenda nobis illorum vita est, qui a rerum terrestrium strepitu remoti, templum quoddam observando cælo dedicatum incolunt, ubi noctibus serenis tot lucidorum orbium ortus obitusque contemplantur, tot stellarum immotarum stationes perpetuas accuratissime definiunt, tot siderum errantium cursus prius ignotos admirabili quadam divinatione augurantur. Consentaneum nimirum est eum, cui primo quondam Oceani filia, Metis, inter sidera affulserat, tot annos in rure illo suburbano cum Nep. tuni inventore nostro celeberrimo feliciter esse consociatum. Iuvat certe tanti viri adiutorem fidelissimum hodie civitate nostra donare, virum et linguarum recentiorum et studiorum mathematicorum perquam peritum, neque in numeris tantum computandis sollertissimum, sed in sideribus quoque observandis perspicacissimum. Ipse rerum omnium Fabricator, cetera quidem animali terram prona spectare passus, os homini sublime dedit cælumque tueri, quanto igitur honore illi digni sunt qui, qua in re ceteris animantibus homines præstant, in ea hominibus ipsis tam præclare antecellunt. "Vobis præsento virum et de scientia astronomica et de Academia nostra optime meritum, Andream Graham." SOCIETIES AND ACADEMIES LONDON Geological Society, November 7.-J. W. Hulke, F.R.S., president, in the chair.-James Diggle. Charles Anderson Ferrier, and Prof. W. Stephens were elected Fellows of the Society. -The following communications were read :-On the geology of the South Devon coast from Tor Cross to Hope Cove, by Prof. T. G. Bonney, F.R.S., Sec. G.S. The author, after a brief reference to the literature of the subject, stated that the chief petrographical problem presented by this district was whether it afforded an example of a gradual transition from slaty to foliated rocks, or whether the two groups were perfectly distinct. He described the coast from Tor Cro-s round by the Start Point to Prawle Point, and thence for some distance up the estuary leading to King-bridge. Commencing again to the north of Salcombe, on the other shore of this inlet, he described the coast round by the Bolt Head and Bolt Tail to Hope Cove. These rocks, admittedly metamorphic, consist of a rather thick mass of a dark mica-schist and of a somewhat variable chloritic schist, which also contains a good deal of epidote. In the lower part of this are some bands of a mica-schist not materially different from the upper mass. It is possible that there are two thick masses of mica-schist, one above and one below the chloritic schist; but, for reasons given, he inclined to the view that there was only one important mass, repeated by very sharp foldings. The junction between the admittedly metamorphic group and the laty series at Hope Cove, as well as that north of Salcombe, is clearly a fault, and the rocks on either side of it differ materially. Between the Start and Tor Cross the author believes there is also a fault, running down a valley, and so concealed. On the north side of this the rocks, though greatly contorted and exhibiting such alterations as are usual in greatly compressed rocks, cannot properly be called foliated, while on the south side all are foliated. This division he places near Hallsands, about half a mile to the south of where it is laid down on the geological map. As a further proof of the distinctness of the two series, the author pointed out that there were clear indications that the foliated series had undergone great crumpling and folding after the process of foliation had been completed. Hence that it was long anterior to the great earth-movements which had affected the Paleozoic rocks of South Devon. He stated that the nature of these disturbances suggested that this district of South Devon had formed the flank of a mountain-range of some elevation, which had lain to the south. Of the foundations of this we may see traces in the crystalline gneisses of the Eddystone and of the Channel Islands, besides possibly the older rocks of South Cornwall and of Brittany. He also called attention to some very remarkable structures in the slaty series near Tor Cross, which appeared to him to throw light upon some of the structures observed at times in gneisses and other foliated rocks.-Notes on Brocchi's collection of Subapennine shells, by J. Gwyn Jeffreys, F.R.S. In this paper the author gave the results of an examination of the collection of fossil shells from the Subapennine Pliocene described by Brocchi in his "Conchiologia fossile Subapennina," and now preserved in the Museo Civico at Milan. The author cited fifty-five of Brocchi's species, upon most of which the collection furnished more or less interesting information. In conclusion he remarked upon the importance of identifying Brocchi's species with forms still living in the neighbouring seas, and also upon the difficulty of distinguishing between the Upper, Middle, and Lower Pliocene in Italy. From his examination of Italian Pliocene shells he concluded that the deposits containing them were for the most part formed in comparatively shallow water, probably not more than fifty fathoms in depth, a remark which also applies to the Italian Miocene; and that in the 'case of species still existing no difference can be recognised between Pliocene and recent specimens.-British Cretaceous Nuculidae, by John Starkie Gardner, F.G.S. The author commenced by discussing the question whether the Nuculidae should be separated as a family from the Arcidæ, and stated that species of Leda and Nucula exist and sometimes abound in the marine Cretaceous deposits, with the exception of the White and the Red Chalk, from which, however, he thought that the shells may have been dissolved out. He also referred to the probable derivation of the species from preexisting forms, and discussed the question of how far the relationships thus established could be expressed in the nomen clature of the species, his researches upon the Nuculidæ leading him in some cases to suggest a trinomial nomenclature. The probable lines of descent of the shells described in the present paper were also discussed at some length. Anthropological Institute, November 13.-Prof. Flower, F.R.S., president, in the chair.-The election of the following new members was announced :-Dr. G. B. Barron, Prof. D. J. Cunningham, H. O. Forbes, J. S. Hunt, Capt. E. C. Johnson, R. Morton Middleton, jun., Capt. C. A. Moloney, S. B. J. Skertchley Joseph Smith, jun., and Dr. Johnson Symington.Mr. J. E. Price exhibited a selection of objects from ancient grave mounds in Peru.-Dr. Garson exhibited two iron lamps that he had procured from the Orkney Islands for the Oxford University Museum. They were very similar to the lamps of the Esquimaux described by Dr. E. B. Tylor in his paper read before the Institute at the end of last session, and each consists of two flat receptacles prolonged into a spout-like depression on the anterior portion.-Prof. Flower exhibited the skull of a young chimpanzee (7roglodytes niger) which had been sent to him from Lado in the Sou lan, by Dr. Emin Bey. It was the subject of acrocephalic deformity, associated with complete synostosis of the coronal suture, and partial obliteration of the sagittal suture, both of which are normally open long after the age to which this individual had attained.—The Director real a paper by Mr. Edward Palmer on some Australian tribes. Zoological Society, November 20.-Prof. W. H. Flower, F.R.S., president, in the chair.-A letter was read from Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., in which he proposed to change the name of Thracia jacksonensis, given in his paper "On New Shells," read in January, 1883, to Thracia brazieri.-A letter was read from Mr. W. H. Ravenscroft, of Colombo, Ceylon, describing the effectual mode in which a female Axis Deer in confinement concealed its young one from observation.--The Secretary exhibited, on the part of Major C. H. T. Marshall, F.Z.S., a specimen of a new Impeyan Pheasant from Chumba, N.W. India, which Major Marshall proposed to name Lophophorus chumbanus, and some other birds from the same district.-Mr. H. Seebohm, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on a new Owl from Japan, which he proposed to call Bubo blakistoni, after Capt. Blakiston, its discoverer.-Mr. H. E. Dresser, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks on some Ringed Pheasants from Corea.-Prof. Bell, F.Z.S., exhibited and made remarks upon some Australian Crinoids infested by a large number of Myzostomata.-Prof. Flower read a paper on the characters and divisions of the family Delphinidæ, in which the following generic divisions were admitted and defined:—Monodon, Delphinapterus, Phocæna, Neomeris, Cephalorhynchus, Orca, Or |