III. AN ACCOUNT OF THE BRITISH ARMY, AND OF THE STATE

OF THE SENTIMENTS OF THE PEOPLE OF PORTUGAL AND

SPAIN, DURING THE CAMPAIGNS OF THE YEARS 1808 AND 1809. IN A SERIES OF LETTERS. BY THE REV. JAMES WILMOT ORMSBY, A.M. CHAPLAIN OF THE STAFF, &C.12mo. 2 vols. pp. 238 and 278. London. Carpenter. 1809.

IV. LETTERS FROM PORTUGAL AND SPAIN; WRITTEN DURING

THE MARCH OF THE BRITISH TROOPS UNDER SIR JOHN
MOORE: WITH A MAP OF THE ROUTE, AND APPROPRIATE
ENGRAVINGS. BY AN OFFICER.-London. Longman. 1809.

TWENTY years have now passed since the first stirrings of that mighty convulsion, which we have hitherto been accustomed to name after the country where it took its rise; but to which future ages will probably aflix a title more expressive of the extent to which it will have been spread. Already have the ravages of foreign war and domestic dissension been so undiscriminating and unsparing, that, with the solitary and enviable exception of Great Britain, not one of the independent states, which in the year 1792 constituted the great European republic, now remains, which has not beheld, either its sovereign perish by a violent death, or its capital occupied by an hostile power. And if we revert to the fate of the mighty masters of those countries, (for at all times the history of sovereigns has unhappily occupied more of the attention of mankind than that of nations,) we shall find instances of sweeping desolation, which remind us of the tragic tales of antiquity, in which whole families of proscribed monarchs are exhibited as sustaining every calamity incident to human nature, from the dire curse of some malignant deity. To take, for illustration, the royal houses of Europe; we find that there is not a single continental king, the inheritor of a crown, who is at this hour seated on his throne in his capital. The descendants of the most illustrious of these dynasties, are

now literally fugitives and mendicants; the legal heirs of a second kingdom, trepanned from their dominions, have been transferred to obscure prisons; another royal family has been driven to the new world; two Italian kings have taken refuge in islands of the Mediterranean; one northern sovereign has been deposed by his own subjects, and another, after sustaining the loss of one half of his territory, still fears to return to his ordinary residence. In short, it is only the kings of Great Britain and Denmark, each reigning over islands, who continue to dwell in the palaces of their forefathers. The fate of the European emperors seems yet at issue; for only one of them, and he the first in rank, is in a state of present suffering, tottering on the brink of extermination: while the other two are in possession of their full authority. But of these, it is to be remarked, that both owe their crowns to the murder of their predecessors, their near kinsmen, which they have not avenged, and by which they have profited: the fate of one of them, however, may be distinctly foreseen; whilst the other is pursuing a system of policy so contrary to his real interests, that its consequences cannot well be otherwise than ultimately fatal to himself. The lot of the minor states of Europe, its electorates, dutchies, earldoms, its republics federal and independent, &c. is not less remarkable; and in the history of each, we find traces of that revolutionary spirit, which will give a character and name to the present age.

Many and extraordinary must have been the events which have led to such tremendous and awful conclusions, yet among all these there is not one which will attract more of the attention of posterity, or which at this moment presents so much interesting matter for contemplation, as the Spanish revolution, to which it is our wish now to invite the attention of the reader.

In one most interesting particular, and in revolution in Spain resembles that of France.

one only, the

In both, the

political body has been dissolved, and the nation resolved into

4

A Letter on Recent Events. By Mr. Hague. The Plan of Reform, proposed by Sir Francis Burdett, correctly reported in Two Speeches, delivered in Parliament, recommending an Inquiry into the State of the Representation.

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THEOLOGY.

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its first elements: in both, we beheld that most interesting and fearful spectacle, a whole people called as it were into exist ence, and a great mass of life infused into machines hitherto inert, and, as it afterwards appeared, but imperfectly organized and fitted to receive the diviner principle: but here the parallel closes. The external incidents which led to the French and Spanish revolutions are so diverse, that they do not obviously furnish either counterparts or contrasts; though it would be no difficult matter to oppose the leading facts which led to the two revolutions, antithetically to each other; as, for instance, it might be said: in the Spanish revolution, the immediate occasion lay in the artfully excited dissensions in the royal family; the nearer members of which, in France, have ever been cordially united: the government of Spain had long continued in the hands of a favourite, who retained his post in defiance of the public hatred, and who was the instrument of foreign intrigue; while the French administration had perpetually changed, and the ministers, though feeble and corrupt in their domestic government, never incurred the imputation of treasonable attachment to foreign powers: the Bourbons of France gave the first impulse to a domestic revolution, by an appeal to an ancient national tribunal, which furnished an organ to the popular sentiment: the Bourbons of Spain invited foreign subjugation by an infatuated confidence in a perfidious ally, to whom, after concurring in allowing him to occupy the bulwarks of their country, they surrendered their very persons, &c. But the bringing together accidental circumstances like these, does not instruct us in the real quality and character of events.

There is, however, one respect in which it will be instructive to compare the rise and result of the popular spirit in the two countries. In France, the zeal and energies of the people had a twofold direction, the repelling of foreign invaders and the effecting of domestic reform. With respect to the former, it would be unjust to deny them their merit;