So diligent a writer was he that he left behind him over three thousand pages of manuscript, much of it for use in a projected work on Pathological Anatomy, a subject then strangely neglected in America.

At Dr. Lawrance's death the school passed into the hands of Dr. John D. Godman. He was born in 1794* in Annapolis. He began life as a printer, but at the age of fifteen he studied medicine with Dr. Davidge, Professor of Anatomy in the University of Maryland. While still a student he lectured for his preceptor for some weeks with such enthusiasm and eloquence as to gain universal applause. Soon after his graduation, in 1821, he was appointed Professor of Anatomy in the Medical College of Ohio, a recently-established institution, in which he stayed only a year. Returning to Philadelphia, he retired from practice in 1823, when he began teaching in the anatomical school. The very first winter he had a class of seventy students. As was the custom for many years afterwards, he gave three courses a year, viz.: the autumn course, twice a week from September to November; the winter, four times a week from November to March; and the spring, twice a day (with a view to graduation) from March 1 to April 1, the remainder of the year being a vacation in teaching, but devoted to work. The fee for each course was ten dollars, the same as at present, though but two annual courses are now delivered, from October till March and April till October, with a recess in July and August.

Dr. Godman's style as a lecturer was characterized by simplicity of language, directness of statement, and fertility of illustration. His lecture-table was peculiar in its construction, being arranged with ratchets and screws so that the whole subject, or any part of it, could be lifted or lowered at will. Another peculiarity, also, in which he prided himself, was his invariable habit of dissecting before the class while he lectured, no previous dissection, however incom* Dr. Sewall states 1798; Dr. S. Austin Allibone, 1794.

plete, having been made,—a method which was only practicable to such an expert dissector as he, and before the introduction of the chloride of zinc which hardens the tissues so much, but which would again be possible if chloral be used. Dissecting wounds were then frequent. During his first winter several of his class suffered; his janitor, from a scratch on his thumb nearly lost his life, and Dr. Godman himself was poisoned three times, once so severely that his arm was useless for some weeks. All the means then in use, salt and saltpetre, corrosive sublimate, pyroligneous acid, etc., were poor preservatives, for he speaks of repeatedly "dissecting bodies in various states of putrefaction," and he made the great improvement of using whisky-an impure form of alcohol-for injection. Since that time chloride of zinc (which was introduced in this city in 1846 by Prof. Ellerslie Wallace, then Demonstrator of Anatomy in the Jefferson Medical College), alcohol, and more lately chloral (which I was the first to use eighteen months ago*), have banished dissecting wounds proper, and in an experience as student and teacher of fifteen years, in intimate acquaintance with several thousand students, I have never known a single instance of such a wound.

About 1824 he established, in connection with the school, a reading-room and library, supplied with text-books and journals, and not long afterwards he desired to enlarge the sphere of the school by additional associated lecturers. Accordingly he invited Dr. R. E. Griffiths (afterwards of the University of Virginia) to lecture on Practice and Materia Medica, and Dr. Isaac Hays on Surgery and the Eye, he himself lecturing on Anatomy and Surgery, a scheme which was, however, frustrated by his removal. Dr. Hays was appointed to deliver the "Introductory," an unfinished production still lying in the drawer of the accomplished editor of "The American Journal of the Medical Sciences." In 1826 his widely-spread fame had attracted attention to him so prom*See my paper in the Philadelphia Medical Times, March 21, 1874.

inently that he was called from College Avenue to the chair of Anatomy in Rutgers Medical College, recently established in New York City. It was no slight compliment that he should be thus selected as a member of the faculty in a school which had to struggle for existence in the midst of bitter rivalries with far older institutions. Unfortunately, his health broke down in the midst of his second course, and, after vainly traveling in search of health, he settled in Germantown, where he died in 1830, in the serene hope of a blissful immortality. The closing scenes in his life were so remarkable for Christian faith that his Memoir, by Professor Sewall, has been published by the American Tract Society, and is also appended to Newman Hall's narrative of the death of Dr. William Gordon.

Dr. Godman's early education had been very defective; but by his industry he mastered Latin, Greek, French, German, Danish, Italian, and Spanish, and, as Robert Walsh remarks, "he finally became one of the most accomplished general scholars and linguists, acute and erudite naturalists, ready, pleasing, and instructive lecturers and writers of his country and era." He was ever ready with his pen, as well as his scalpel. In 1825 he became one of the editors of the "Philadelphia Journal of the Medical and Physical Sciences." In 1827, largely through his influence, the profession in New York agreed to support this journal if it dropped its local name, and from this sprang our representative quarterly, "The American Journal of the Medical Sciences." Among the extensive works he planned, while in College Avenue, none saw the light save the "Natural History of American Quadrupeds," in three volumes. His laborious and ardent pursuit of knowledge is well shown by the fact that in investigating the habits of the shrew mole he walked many hundred miles. He edited also the "Journal of Foreign Medical Science and Literature," and Sir Astley Cooper on "Dislocations and Fractures." He translated from the Latin, in 1824, Scarpa on the "Bones." He published two books, "Ana

tomical Investigations, comprehending Descriptions of the Various Fasciæ of the Human Body, the Discovery of the Manner in which the Pericardium is formed from the Superficial Fascia, the Capsular Ligament of the Shoulder-joint from the Brachial Fascia, and the Capsular Ligament of the Hip-joint from the Fascia Lata, etc." (Philadelphia, 1824), and "Contributions to Physiological and Pathological Anatomy" (Philadelphia, 1825), and papers on "The Propriety of Explaining the Actions of the Animal Economy by the Assistance of the Physical Sciences" (Philadelphia Journal, etc., iii, 46), "On the Doctrine of Sympathy as Based on Anatomy" (ibid., vi, 337), “On Arterial and Other Irregularities" (ibid., xii, 201) and other papers on the "Fascia" (ibid., vi, 261, and viii, 87). Before he published his alleged discoveries as to the fascia, he invited the anatomists and surgeons of the city to a demonstration by actual dissection before them.

When Dr. Godman went to Rutgers College, in 1826, he was succeeded by Dr. James Webster. He retained the school for four years, until, in 1830, he was called to the chair of Anatomy in the Geneva Medical College. Though not so polished and industrious as Godman, he was a good teacher and an excellent anatomist. He was thoroughly devoted to the interests of his class, and at one time, when there was greater difficulty than usual in getting subjects,—a chronic ailment of dissecting-rooms, he sat up night after night, watching that neither the University nor any private room should obtain them till he was supplied, and he gained his point. His literary labors while here were limited to editing the "American Medical Recorder," from 1827 to 1829, when it also merged into the "American Journal of the Medical Sciences," and, I believe, also another rather pugilistic journal, which, however, was short lived.

This brings us down to living persons; and my account must now deal rather with narrative than criticism. After

Dr. Webster left, the rooms were vacant for a year, the only hiatus in their history.

In 1831, three years after his graduation from the University, Dr. Joseph Pancoast reopened the rooms, and in the seven years he lectured here he laid the foundation for his subsequent brilliant career both as anatomist and surgeon. He gave the usual three annual courses which Godman had established. No other lectures were given in the building during his administration. In 1838 he was elected Professor of Anatomy in the Jefferson Medical College, in which position his fame has not been limited even by the wide bounds of the Republic. His pen also was not idle during these years. In his opening year he translated Lobstein on the "Sympathetic Nerve," from the Latin; later, he published Manec on the "Sympathetic" and on the "Cerebro-Spinal System in Man," edited "Quain's Anatomical Plates" in quarto, and fitly closed his career in the Avenue by preparing a new edition of Horner's "Anatomy," in two volumes.

On the promotion of Dr. Pancoast to the Jefferson, in 1838, Dr. Justus Dunott succeeded him, and lectured about three years, when Dr. Joshua M. Allen became his associate. Up to 1839 the Philadelphia Anatomical Rooms consisted solely of the east building, the other being a store-house. Now, the two buildings become sometimes rival schools, but for the most part united under one head. In 1838 Dr. James McClintock fitted up a dissecting-room at the southeast corner of Eighth and Walnut Streets, and called it the "Philadelphia School of Anatomy." In the spring of 1839, his nextdoor neighbor, the late Hon. William M. Meredith, vigorously remonstrated with him on account of the stench from his rooms, the cause being a lion's carcass, of which it could not be said, as of Samson's lion, "Out of the strong cometh forth sweetness." Dr. McClintock then rented and fitted up the western building, threw the second and third stories together as the lecture-room, in which we are now assembled, but very