man race, "especially," says Hyrtl, with one of his usual sly thrusts, "certain individuals among them." Vesalius himself so far yielded to the popular fancy that some of his descriptions are drawn from this very source, and the frontispiece of his anatomy, in the first edition (1543) and later ones, show a number of apes, goats, and dogs. In 1627 Spigelius similarly honors the swine*; and even so lately as the middle of the last century William Hunter tells us that "the operations of surgery were still explained to very little purpose upon a dog."†

But with the rise of the Italian universities came the first gleams of light. Bologna, the oldest of them all, is in many respects the most famous. Founded in 1088 as a school of Roman law, the fame of her professors was such that, as early as 1262, no less than ten thousand students were gathered there. The faculties of medicine and of arts were founded before the fourteenth century, and soon added to her fame. Here, two centuries before Vesalius was born, the first dissections of modern times were made. In 1315, Mondini, or Mundinus, publicly dissected two female bodies, § and established what was intended to be an annual custom, but which, strange to say, was soon neglected. Bologna, the first in the new era of medicine, has not since then been behind her rivals in the healing art. The names of Carpi, Vesalius, Arantius, Malpighi, Valsalva, Varolius, and Galvani alone are enough to make her famous. But she was also the earliest exponent of one of the great questions of the present day in medical as well as other circles. Her female professors have rivalled

* Hyrtl, Zerglied, p. 28. Text and note.

† Introductory Lectures, p. 88.

Encyc. Britan., vol. xxi, p. 449. In the fourteenth century there were thirteen thousand. Paris had at one time as many as thirty thousand.

§ New Am. Cyc., first ed., article Anatomy, i, 519. Encyc. Brit., eighth ed., article Anatomy. Curiously enough, William Hunter, in his Introductory Lectures, does not mention Mondini, but traces modern anatomy back only to Leonardo, and says he was the first to go even thus far back.

The Anatomical Theater in Bologna in which the first modern dissections were made in A. D. 1315 by Mundinus. Among the other professors of anatomy in Bologna who presumably lectured in this room were Carpi, Vesalius, Arantius, Malpighi, Valsalva and Varolius, as well as a woman professor of anatomy, Madonna Manzolina. Probably Harvey attended lectures here.